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TEAS Science > Describe the Basic Macromolecules in a Biological System > Flashcards

Describe the Basic Macromolecules in a Biological System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

___ ___ are composed of chemical elements bonded together to form organic Macromolecules

A

Living Organisms

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2
Q

What are used to build Macromolecules in biological systems?

A

Monomers from food

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3
Q

What are used to fuel production of energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

A

Monomers

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4
Q

___ are large Monomers

A

Macromolecules

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5
Q

What is a Polymer?

A

A chemical compound formed when covalent bonds link monomers in long, repeating chains

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6
Q

How are Covalent Bonds in Macromolecules formed?

A

By an endergonic removal of a water molecule

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7
Q

What is Dehydration or Condensation Synthesis?

A

The chemical reaction of endergonic removal of a water molecule creating a covalent bond in macromolecules

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8
Q

The Dehydration or Condensation Synthesis requires:

A

Energy

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9
Q

Covalent Bonds can be broken by an exergonic addition of water which is known as ___

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

___ releases energy as bonds break between Monomers?

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

Macromolecules are classified into 4 groups:

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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12
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

Sugars, or Starch and is found in all living organisms

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13
Q

What are the Monomers that join together to form Carbohydrates have the general formula:

A

CnH2nOn

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14
Q

Carbohydrate Monomers are typically _ _ _ _ Carbons long

A

3 4 5 6

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15
Q

Carbohydrate Monomers are also known as:

A

Monosaccharides or Simple Sugars

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16
Q

C6H12O6 is a common Monosaccharide known as:

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Two Monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis to form:

A

Disaccharides

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18
Q

What is a common Disaccharide?

A

Sucrose

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19
Q

Sucrose is made up of:

A

One Glucose Monosaccharide and One Fructose Monosaccharide

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20
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Carbohydrate molecules formed by large numbers of link Monosaccharides

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21
Q

Animals store the ___ ___ in the Polysaccharide Glycogen

A

Monosaccharide Glucose

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22
Q

How is Glycogen formed by and stored?

A

Dehydration synthesis and is stored mainly in the liver and the muscles

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23
Q

What happens when Glucose is needed for energy production by a cell?

A

Glycogen is hydrolyzed into Glucose

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24
Q

Plants store ___ as the Polysaccharide Starch

A

Carbohydrates

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25
Q

What are Oligosaccharides?

A

They are found on the surface of the cell membrane and function in cell recognition that contain a small number of Monosaccharides

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26
Q

What shapes can Carbohydrates be?

A

Linear, Branched, or Helix Shaped

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27
Q

What form structures?

A

Linear Carbohydrates

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28
Q

What is a major component in the rigid cell walls in plants?

A

Cellulose

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29
Q

What Carbohydrates function in energy storage?

A

Branched

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30
Q

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids are molecules that:

A

Contain Carbohydrates and other Macromolecules and they function in cell recognition

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31
Q

Are Lipids true Polymers? Why?

A

No, Because they are not formed from one type of repeated Monomer

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32
Q

How are Lipids formed?

A

By linear arrangements of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms called Fatty-Acid Chains that are attached to a Glycerol molecule

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33
Q

Lipids tend to be:

A

Hydrophobic and Nonpolar

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34
Q

What are the 4 groups Lipids are subdivided into?

A

Fats and Oils, Waxes, Phospholipids, and Steroids, and are all insoluble in water

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35
Q

What does a Fat Molecule consist?

A

A Glycerol backbone and Three Fatty Acid Chains

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36
Q

What does the human body use Fat for?

A

Energy storage, cushioning, and insulation

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37
Q

Fats are a dietary component found in:

A

Oils, butter, and meat

38
Q

Waxes usually contain long Fatty Acid Chains connected to:

A

Alcohols

39
Q

Waxes are ___ and are used by living things to stay ___

A

Hydrophobic, Dry

40
Q

What covers the feathers of some birds and leaves of many plants?

A

Waxes

41
Q

What are Phospholipids?

A

Two Fatty-Acid chains attached to a Phosphate molecule

42
Q

What is one function of Phospholipids?

A

To form a semipermeable membrane around cells

43
Q

What helps to separate aqueous compartments in living things?

A

Phospholipids

44
Q

Steroids often function as:

A

Chemical messengers

45
Q

A four ring structure and include Cholesterol, Sex Hormones, and Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex:

A

Steroids

46
Q

What are Proteins?

A

Polymers of long chains of amino acid monomers

47
Q

Amino Acids are composed of:

A

A central carbon, an amine group, a carboxylic acid, and a side group

48
Q

What does the side group provide?

A

The variation that creates the 20 different types of Amino Acid

49
Q

In proteins, the link between Amino Acids is a Covalent Bond called a:

A

Peptide Bond

50
Q

Each Amino Acid has different properties because of its:

A

Different side group

51
Q

What has Hydrophobic Amino Acids on their surface and are not soluble in water?

A

Fibrous, Hydrophobic proteins like keratin and collagen

52
Q

Fibrous, Hydrophobic Proteins function as:

A

Structural molecules in hair and nails

53
Q

What proteins have Hydrophilic surface Amino Acids and are soluble in water?

A

Globular Proteins

54
Q

What do Globular Proteins function as?

A

Carrier molecules like Hemoglobin, as antibodies and as enzymes

55
Q

Proteins associated with the Cell Membrane have a layer of:

A

Hydrophobic Amino Acids sandwiched between layers of Amino Acids

56
Q

What are imbedded in membranes where they function in transport or signal transfer?

A

Proteins

57
Q

What can be found in foods such as eggs, meat, and beans?

A

Proteins

58
Q

What are an important class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction?

A

Enzymes

59
Q

Enzymes speed up reactions by:

A

Lowering the energy required by the system to initiate the reaction

60
Q

Reactions can be ___ or ___

A

Exergonic (releases energy), Endergonic (requires energy)

61
Q

Energy in living organisms is typically supplied an released as ___

A

ATP

62
Q

Different cell types have a different enzymes present based on the ___ ___ of the cell

A

Metabolic Function

63
Q

Enzyme activity if affected by:

A

Environmental conditions such as temperature and pH level

64
Q

What typically have an active site into which the substrate or molecule being acted on fits?

A

Enzymes

65
Q

Where does Catalyst occur?

A

Active Site

66
Q

What is Pepsin?

A

An enzyme that is produced and secreted by stomach cells and initiates protein digestion in the stomach

67
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

Polymers made of linked nucleotides that contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

68
Q

What are the 3 components of Nucleotides?

A

A nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

69
Q

What are the two Nucleic Acids in living systems?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

70
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double-stranded helix that stores genetic information

71
Q

Genes are made up of ___

A

DNA

72
Q

Some genes provide the instructions to make molecules called ___

A

Proteins

73
Q

In humans, genes can contain a few hundred ___ bases to more than a million bases

A

DNA

74
Q

Genes made of DNA are located on on larger structures called:

A

Chromosomes

75
Q

Chromosomes made of DNA and Proteins are located in the ___ of the cell

A

Nucleus

76
Q

DNA contains nucleotides composed of

A

A deoxyribose sugar, one of four nitrogenous bases, and a phosphate molecule

77
Q

What are the 4 Nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

78
Q

What does RNA consist of?

A

Ribonucleotides containing a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and is typically a single-stranded molecule

79
Q

What are the 4 Nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil

80
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Help to convert information stored in the genes composed of DNA into the proteins

81
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA molecules?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomes RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA)

82
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Located in the Nucleus of the cell and transcribes genetic code for a protein from the DNA template

83
Q

mRNA carries the genetic code out of the Nucleus to ___ located in the cell’s Cytoplasm

A

Ribosomes (rRNA)

84
Q

What brings the Amino Acid dictated by the mRNA’s code to the Ribosome (rRNA)?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

85
Q

The ___ provides the catalytic environment necessary for Peptide Bonds to form

A

Ribosome

86
Q

What is the site of Protein Synthesis from Amino Acid Monomers?

A

Ribosomes

87
Q

The sequence of Nucleotides in a Nucleic Acid is important in the process of ___ ___

A

Building Proteins

88
Q

What does the sequence of Nucleotides determine?

A

The specific Protein synthesized

89
Q

What are Mutations?

A

Errors in the precise sequence of Nucleotides, they typically interfere with protein structure and function

90
Q

Nucleic Acids can be found in:

A

Small amounts in all foods that contain Proteins

TEAS Science (21 decks)

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