Describe the Anatomy & Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

What is the Gastrointestinal System also referred as?

Answer 1

Digestive System

Question 2

Where does the Digestive System start and end?

Answer 2

Mouth, Anus

Question 3

What is the Digestive System’s function?

Answer 3

Break down food for absorption and distribution of nutrients to the rest of the body

Question 4

Specialized regions and glands perform both ___ and ___ digestion

Answer 4

Mechanical and chemical (enzymatic)

Question 5

The smooth muscle involved in mechanical digestion and movement of food through the Gastrointestinal System is controlled by the

Answer 5

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 6

What is located along the stomach and small and large intestines and absorb digested nutrients?

Answer 6

Blood Vessels

Question 7

Where is undigested food stored?

Answer 7

Rectum for elimination

Question 8

Where does mechanical digestion begin?

Answer 8

Food ingested through the mouth

Question 9

What lubricates food?

Answer 9

Mucus in saliva

Question 10

Saliva provides ___ and ___ to initiate chemical digestion of starch and lipids

Answer 10

Amylase, Lipase

Question 11

Food is packaged into small parcels called a ___ and swallowed (deglutition)

Answer 11

Bolus

Question 12

As the bolus passes through the ___, the ___ closes the tracheal opening so that food does not enter the respiratory system, and the food passes into the ___

Answer 12

Pharynx, Epiglottis, Esophagus

Question 13

What is Peristalsis?

Answer 13

The contractions of muscle in the esophagus

Question 14

What moves the bolus through the gastric sphincter to the stomach?

Answer 14

Peistalsis

Question 15

What does the Gastric Sphincter prevent?

Answer 15

Reflux of food back into the esophagus

Question 16

What is the Stomach?

Answer 16

A sac made up of smooth muscles

Question 17

Stomach muscle contractions break down the food even further into a substance called:

Answer 17

Chyme

Question 18

What are the three main secretions of the Stomach?

Answer 18

Pepsinogen, Mucus, and Hydrochloric Acid

Question 19

What lines the Stomach?

Answer 19

Mucus

Question 20

What creates an acidic environment for the Stomach?

Answer 20

Hydrochloric Acid

Question 21

What helps digest proteins in the acidic environment?

Answer 21

Pepsin

Question 22

What is pushed into the small intestine?

Answer 22

Chyme

Question 23

What is the first part of the Small Intestine?

Answer 23

Duodenum

Question 24

In the duodenum, Chyme is neutralized by

Answer 24

Bicarbonate in pancreatic secretions

Question 25

The duodenum receives ___ from the gallbladder, which helps neutralize acidic Chyme

Answer 25

Alkaline Bile Juices

Question 26

The duodenum produce a large number of “brush border” enzymes, including:

Answer 26

Proteases, Lactase, and other disaccharides, and bicarbonate

Question 27

Villi and Microvilli in the small intestine (largely by ileum) absorb:

Answer 27

Polar-digested nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons, and vitamin B12

Question 28

From the small intestine, blood-carrying nutrients pass to the liver through the ___,

Answer 28

Hepatic portal duct

Question 29

The hepatic portal duct allows liver enzymes to:

Answer 29

Deaminate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize consumed toxins, and store glucose and glycogen

Question 30

Digested material passes into the ___ and into the ___ or ___

Answer 30

Cecum, Large Intestine, Colon

Question 31

The vermiform appendix projects from the ___, which is located at the junction of the ___ and ___.

Answer 31

Cecum, Small, Large Intestines

Question 32

What is absorbed in the Small Intestine?

Answer 32

Water and Nutrients

Question 33

What does the Large Intestine absorbs?

Answer 33

Remaining water and salt from digested food

Question 34

What is the waste from the small intestine exposed to?

Answer 34

Bacterial fermentation in the colon

Question 35

Vitamin K is absorbed in the:

Answer 35

Large Intestine

Question 36

Waste accumulates in the ___ and is ejected through the ___

Answer 36

Rectum, Anus

Question 37

What regulates many aspects of Nutrition?

Answer 37

Hormones

Question 38

Ghrelin induces:

Answer 38

Hunger

Question 39

Leptin causes:

Answer 39

The sensation of satiety

Question 40

What do Hormones induce and speed up?

Answer 40

Induce secretions, speed up the movement of food through the small intestines

Question 41

Insulin induces:

Answer 41

Cellular uptake of glucose

Question 42

Glucagon stimulates:

Answer 42

The breakdown of stored glycogen

Question 43

What modulates digestive action?

Answer 43

Hormones and Nerve Function

Question 44

What are Enzymes?

Answer 44

Proteins produced by the body that catalyze and speed up the breakdown of food so that nutrients are available for the body

Question 45

What is a chemical that aids in digestion but is not an enzyme?

Answer 45

Bile

Question 46

What makes and releases Bile into the small intestine?

Answer 46

The Liver

Question 47

Bile is involved in the breakdown of ___ or ___

Answer 47

Lipids, Fats

Question 48

Organ: Mouth

What are the Enzymes and Function associated?

Answer 48

Enzymes: Salivary Amylase
Function: Amylase breaks down starches

Question 49

Organ: Stomach

What are the Enzymes and Function associated?

Answer 49

Enzymes: Pepsin
Function: Break down proteins

Question 50

Organ: Pancreas

What are the Enzymes and Function associated?

Answer 50

Enzymes: Pancreatic Amylase, Trypsin, Lipase
(Pancreas makes and released these enzymes into small intestine)
Function: Amylase breaks down starch, Trypsin breaks down protein, Lipase breaks down fat

Question 51

Organ: Small Intestine

What are the Enzymes and Function associated?

Answer 51

Brush border enzymes (proteases, lactase)

Function: Continue to break down molecules, Carbohydrates break down into monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Question 52

Organ: Large Intestine

What are the Enzymes and Function associated?

Answer 52

Enzymes: None
Function: None