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TEAS Science > Compare and Contrast Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA > Flashcards

Compare and Contrast Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The hereditary material for most organisms is contained in:

A

DNA

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2
Q

___ are segments of DNA which can code for specific Proteins

A

Genes

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3
Q

Genes are located on larger structures called:

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

Offspring inherit trains by inheriting:

A

Their parents DNA

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5
Q

Genetic information is contained in structures called:

A

Chromosomes

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6
Q

What do Chromosomes consist of?

A

DNA that winds around histone proteins

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7
Q

What does the winding process do for DNA?

A

Condenses the DNA and allows regulation of genes located on the particular chromosome

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8
Q

Bacteria have a ___ ___ Chromosome

A

Single Circular

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9
Q

Organisms that are Eukaryotic have ___ ___ Chromosomes

A

Many Linear

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10
Q

Humans have ___ Chromosomes

A

46

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11
Q

Dogs have ___ Chromosomes

A

78

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12
Q

What is the primary unit of Heredity?

A

Genes

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13
Q

Sequences of DNA located on Chromosomes:

A

Genes

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14
Q

Most ___ contain the information needed to synthesize proteins

A

Genes

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15
Q

A few genes sequence code for other molecules that help the cell:

A

Assemble proteins or regulate the making of proteins

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16
Q

Genes tend to be clustered in areas in between regions of ___ with unknown function

A

DNA

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17
Q

These vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than a million bases:

A

Genes

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18
Q

Researchers estimate that humans have about ___ genes

A

25,000

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19
Q

Genes can have ___ or ___ functions

A

Structural, Regulatory

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20
Q

Structural Genes are converted into:

A

A short-lived RNA message (mRNA) that is decoded by the ribosome and assembled into proteins that build structures in living things

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21
Q

Regulatory Genes control:

A

The expression of protein-coding genes by turning on or off activity, either directly or through a protein intermediate

22
Q

Not all cells will express the same Genes; therefore, they will make different ___

A

Proteins

23
Q

What Genes “turn off” unneeded Genes?

A

Regulatory Genes

24
Q

DNA is:

A

A macromolecule that contains genes that are coded instructions for a cell to produce proteins

25
Q

The structure of DNA is:

A

A twisted ladder or double helix

26
Q

The sides of the DNA ladder are made of:

A

Phosphate and Sugar Molecules

27
Q

The Rungs of the DNA ladder are composed of:

A

Four Nucleotide Bases

28
Q

The four Nucleotide Bases are represented by letters:

A

A (Adenine), T (Thymine), G (Guanine), and C (Cytosine)

29
Q

Nucleotide Bases are arranged in ___ letter combinations

A

Three

30
Q

What is a Codon?

A

A sequence of 3 Nucleotides that codes for a specific Amino Acid or stop signal during Protein Synthesis

31
Q

How many Codons long can a Gene for a specific Protein be?

A

Thousands

32
Q

Genes will end with a ___ ___ Codon

A

Stop Signal

33
Q

___ are the Organelles that assemble Proteins from Amino Acids in the other specified by the Codons of the Gene

A

Ribosomes

34
Q

Are the two strands of DNA complimentary?

A

Yes

35
Q

What does complimentary mean?

A

The Nucleotide Bases of the two strands are paired correctly and specifically

36
Q

The base A (Adenosine) always pair with ___ on the other strand

A

T (Thymine)

37
Q

G (Guanine) always pairs with ___

A

C (Cytosine)

38
Q

A-T and G-C are referred to as:

A

Complimentary base pairs

39
Q

Complimentary Bases are linked by ___ ___ ___ between A and T and ___ ___ ___ between G and C

A

Two Hydrogen Bonds, Three Hydrogen Bonds

40
Q

Are individual Hydrogen Bonds weak?

A

Yes

41
Q

Why are the Hydrogen Bonds in DNA strong?

A

Because they occur in large numbers and maintain DNA’s integrity

42
Q

These Bonds are easier to break than Covalent Bonds which allows:

A

The two strands to be separated for DNA replication and transcription

43
Q

What happens before a Cell replicates?

A

Chromosomes containing DNA must be copied to make two identical copies called Chromatids

44
Q

After Chromatids are separated, the two new cells will have:

A

Identical copies of DNA

45
Q

Two strands of DNA “run” in:

A

Opposite directions, making the strands anti-parallel

46
Q

Information is coded in DNA in the ___ to ___ direction

A

5’, 3’

47
Q

What is the 5’ to 3’ direction strand called?

A

Sense Strand

48
Q

The other strand going in the 3’ to 5’ direction is called:

A

The Anti-Sense Strand

49
Q

The Anti-Sense Strand is used in:

A

DNA Replication and Transcription

50
Q

Chromosomes are composed of:

A

DNA wrapped around a Histone Protein

51
Q

Humans have ___ pairs of Chromosomes, for a total of ___ Chromosomes

A

23, 46

TEAS Science (21 decks)

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