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TEAS Science > Describe the Anatomy & Physiology of the Immune System > Flashcards

Describe the Anatomy & Physiology of the Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

The Immune System protects the body from:

A

Disease-causing agents known as Pathogens

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2
Q

What is composed of both Innate Defense and Adaptive Defense?

A

The Immune System

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3
Q

Is Innate Defense considered a specific or nonspecific response to Pathogens?

A

Nonspecific

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4
Q

Is Adaptive Defense considered a specific or nonspecific response to Pathogens?

A

Specific

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5
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense in the Innate Immune System and what do each of them do?

A

1st line: Skin, Mucus, Secretions - keeps pathogens from entering the body
2nd line: Phagocytes, Specific Proteins, and Inflammatory Response) - fights pathogens that have entered the body
3rd line: Adaptive Immune System

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6
Q

What do Lymphocytes, such as B cells and various types of T cells, do?

A

They fight pathogens and retain memory of the specific pathogen

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7
Q

The Immune Systems prevents entry of pathogens through the presence of:

A

Barriers composed of the skin and secretions such as acid, enzymes, and salt

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8
Q

What happens when the external barriers are breached?

A

There are cells and chemicals that act as soldiers to attack the pathogens

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9
Q

What happens if the barrier fails?

A

The Adaptive Immune System specifically identifies, targets, and remembers the pathogens

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10
Q

Pathogens can enter:

A

Through body openings of the Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems; Injuries can also create ways for Pathogens to enter

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11
Q

What system is critical to the functioning of the Immune System and why?

A

The Lymph System because pathogens from the blood circulate through the lymph also

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12
Q

Where do B cells and T cells reside and when are they activated?

A

They reside in the Lymph Nodes and are activated when a pathogen is encountered

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13
Q

What is the Innate System?

A

A series of nonspecific barriers- physical, cellular, and soluble components- that impede pathogens from entering the body or from multiplying

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14
Q

What do External Barriers from the Innate System include?

A

The physical barrier of the skin, and mucus secretions; chemical barriers, such as low pH, salt, enzymes; and cellular barrier of commensal microorganisms

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15
Q

If the pathogen breaches the barriers and enters the blood or tissues, what happens?

A

A second line of defense is activated

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16
Q

What responses releases Histamines, increasing not only blood flow to the area but also the number of white blood cells to the area?

A

Inflammatory Response

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17
Q

What is another term for White Blood Cells?

A

Phagocytes

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18
Q

Phagocytes in the Inflammatory Response destroy:

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

What are Interferons?

A

Proteins that interfere with the production of new viruses and are released if a virus enters the body

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20
Q

Fevers are used by the body to:

A

Speed up the immune response

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21
Q

Internal Barriers from the Innate System include:

A

Antimicrobial peptides and “Natural Killer” (NK) lymphocyte cells that attack host cells that harbor intracellular pathogens

22
Q

What are the two general responses to specific pathogens from the Adaptive Immune System?

A

Cellular or Humoral

23
Q

What does a Cellular Response do?

A

Destroys the infected cell

24
Q

What does the Humoral Response do?

A

Destroys pathogens found in body fluids using antibodies secreted by B cells

25
Q

How does the Adaptive Immune System respond?

A

By remembering signature molecules called “antigens:” from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed

26
Q

What are the Adaptive Immune System’s functional cells?

A

Lymphocytes called T cells and B cells

27
Q

What are Antigen-Presenting Cells? (APCs)

A

They digest pathogens and present the pathogen’s antigen signature to “helper” T cells. Example: Microphages

28
Q

What cell is activated depending on the type of antigen presented to the helper T cell?

A

Either the Cytotoxic T cell or a B cell

29
Q

Helper T cells produce ___ to activate a Cytotoxic T cell

A

Cytokines

30
Q

Can the helper T cell activate B cells in response to a specific pathogen?

A

Yes

31
Q

The Helper T cell induces the B cell to:

A

Multiply rapidly into secretory cells called “plasma cells”

32
Q

Plasma cells produce large amounts of an antibody that can bind the ___ and ___ also clone into memory cells at the same time to allow the body to remember a specific Antigen

A

Antigen, B Cells

33
Q

What happens when the Antigen appears again in the body?

A

Memory cells form plasma cells, which quickly produces the specific antibody to the antigen

34
Q

What are the two ways to protect the body through either passive introduction of antibodies as a protective agent or its active production by the body?

A

Passive and Active Immunity

35
Q

Can both Passive and Active Immunity be induced artifically?

A

Yes

36
Q

What do Vaccinations do?

A

They introduce antigens that are weakened or killed to elicit an immune response

37
Q

What introduces antibodies from another source that can rapidly neutralize toxins?

A

Passive Immunity

38
Q

What is an example of Passive Immunity?

A

Rapid treatment for a snake bite

39
Q

Many diseases are caused by:

A

A malfunction of the Immune System

40
Q

Under-activity of the Immune System can cause:

A

Components to be ineffective

41
Q

Caused by the Human Immunideficiency Virus (HIV) and affects helper T cells and prevents them from activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells and prevents the Adaptive Immune System from operating

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS)

42
Q

Overactive Immune Systems can target:

A

Innocuous foreign particles like pollen, causing the body to overproduce huge amounts of antibodies that trigger a histamine release from mast cells, which result in allergy symptoms, such as sneezing and mucus secretion

43
Q

What is Autoimmune Disease?

A

A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body

44
Q

Name some examples of Autoimmune Disease:

A

Type 1 Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Multiple Sclerosis

45
Q

What does the Immune System work hand and hand with other Systems for?

A

To transport immune cells, signaling molecules, and antibodies throughout the body

46
Q

The Circulatory System transports __ ___ ___ throughout the body

A

White Blood Cells

47
Q

The Lymphatic System produces ___

A

Lymphocytes

48
Q

The Vessels in the Lymph System drain fluid from body tissues and deliver foreign material to the lymph nodes to be processed by:

A

Lymphocytes

49
Q

Red Bone Marrow produces ___ ___ ___

A

White Blood Cells

50
Q

What System functions as the first line of defense for most of the body?

A

The Integumentary System

TEAS Science (21 decks)

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