Depression Flashcards
endogenous depression
this type of depression is thought to originate from within the person via faulty physiology
What is exogenous depression
attributed to external circumstances
–psychosocial and sociocultural perspectives emphasize exogenous explanations of depression
What are the dignostic factors for a depressive episode
intense sadness and depressed mood or loss of interest in daily activities must lat >2w
What is a manic episode
> 1w of persistently elevated mood
high energy and intense goal directed activities
What is a hypomania episode
Short version of a manic episode
4-7 days in duration
What is a mixed episode
manic+depressive symptoms rapidly alternating/coocuring
–symptoms last much longer than 2 weeks
What are the categories of Major depressive disorder
MDD-single episode
MDD-recurrent
(there can be no history of mania or hypomaniac episodes tho or else its bipolar dx)
Bipolar I disorder and Bipolar II disorder
I- >1 full blown manic episode
II- experienced both hypomanic and depressive episodes. No full blown manic episodes
What is cyclothymic disorder and how to dx
Have both : hypomania + depressive symptoms but don’t rise to level of episode
symptom duration: 50% of time for over 2 years
Categorization of Persistent depressive disorder
symptoms lasting >2years in adults, >1y in youth
symptoms don’t remit for more than 2 months at a time
What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Dx in women who consistantly show depressive symptoms during the week before their menstrual periods
what is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
dx reserved for children/adolescents showing depressive symptoms combined with temper outbursts
What is post partum depression
depression that develops in women who are preg or have given birth in last 4 w
What are 3 major probs with DSM and ICD perspectives
- Comorbidity issues
- Threshold probs (how severe it needs to be is not always clear)
- Competeing classification systems
What % of the time do clinicians agree that a pt has depression
4-15% of the time
What is monoamine hypothesis
holds that depression is caused by a shortage of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, NE, dopamine)
What do monoamine oxidase inhibitors do
Inhibits monoamine oxidase, the brain enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters
What do tricyclics do
Mainly affect the availability of NE and serotonin
-inhibits synaptic reabsorbtion of serotonin and NE
how effective are antidepressants
50-75% effective
shortcomings of monoamine hypothesis
- antidepresents improve monoamine levels quick but effect does not appear for 2-4 weeks
- Ecidence from rats show that long term SSRI use lowers serotonin levels
what is the glutamate hypothesis of depression
proposes that depression is associated w high levels of glutamate
(ketamine works as it inhibits glutamate receptor)
What are the main mood stabilizers for bipolar disorders
lithium
(Anticunvulsants)
(Antipsychotics)
what is the hippocampus for and what happens to it in depression
limbic structure important for forming memories
volume can increase/decrease/stay the same in depression
What is the amygdala for and what happens to it when depressed
plays a role in regulating basic emotions
increased activity in those who are depressed or anxious, volume decreases in depression
Frontal lobe and what happens in depressed individuals
involved in executive funtioning, decision making etc
severely depressed ppl show reduced frontal lobe volume, mildely depressed dont
Hypothalmic pituitary adrenal axis and what happens in depressed ppl
plays a role in managing the stress response and cortisol release
–hyperactive in depressed people
psycodynamic perspective on depression
the difference bw simple grief and depression is that depressed ppl retired the repressed anger that have on to themselves
cognitive behavioural perspective of depression
depression results from negative thinging about self, experiences and the future
What are 5 distorted thinking patterns associated with depression
magnification- overemphasizing neg events
minimization- undermine and underemphaze pos events
overgeneralization- take one instance and apply broad
Personalization- assuming that others behaviour is about u
Selective abstaction- Taking a detail out of context
