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Nursing Informatics Foundations > Data Management > Flashcards

Data Management Flashcards

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1
Q

refers to the use of computers to store, access, and secure patient information.

A

Data Management

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2
Q

This is the information that is not required on a daily basis by the typical system user, but is used by management to make decisions

A

Data Warehouse

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3
Q

n effective data warehouse as has the following characteristics

A

Subject - oriented
Time - variant
Non- volatile
Integrated

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4
Q

This refers to the fact that all events or objects that are the same are linked in a traceable manner.

A

Subject - oriented

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5
Q

This is the ability to look at how information changes as a function of time.

A

Time - Variant

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6
Q

This means that once information is recorded, it can never be deleted or manipulated in a manner that could cause its loss.

A

Non-volatile

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7
Q

This refers to the fact that information from all areas of the enterprise is placed into the same database for the sake of analysis.

A

Integrated

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8
Q

There are three major parts of a data warehouse:

A

Infrastructure
Data
Process

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9
Q

(sometimes referred to as the technology perspective) refers to the hardware and software used in the system.

A

The infrastructure

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10
Q

are diagram representations of the structures that send and store information and how they relate to one another.

A

Data

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11
Q

defined by how information gets from one place to another or how it is dealt with.

A

Process

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12
Q

Most data warehouses use ______________ of normalization.

A

Codd Rules

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13
Q

breaks data down into a table in order to show the relationships between the various parts.

A

Codd Rules

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14
Q

breaks data down into numerical facts and reference information.

A

Dimensional

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15
Q

easy to use and operate quickly

A

Dimensionally based databases

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16
Q

saves information in the “third normal form” and groups the information into tables according to their subjects.

A

Normalized

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17
Q

These databases can be slow and difficult to use.

A

Normalized based databases

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18
Q

There are four types of data warehouses that have evolved

A

Offline operation databases
Offline data warehouse
Real-time data warehouse
Integrated data warehouse

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19
Q

are simply copies of the operation system saved to a separate location or partition on the server.

A

Offline operation databases

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20
Q

creates a regular copy of the operational system used in a report-orientated system.

A

Offline data warehouse

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21
Q

Similar to offline data warehouses except that they are constantly updated.

A

Real-time data warehouse

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22
Q

updated with information, processes it, and returns the results to the central system for use in daily activities.

A

integrated data warehouse

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23
Q

There are basically four types of health care–related data

A

Medical/clinical data
Knowledge- based data
Comparison data
Aggregate data

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24
Q

This information is patient-specific and includes information regarding the patient, diagnosis, treatment, laboratory findings, consultations, care plans, physician orders, informed consent, and advance directives.

A

Medical/clinical data

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25
Q

This information includes methods to ensure that staff is provided training, support, research, library services or other access to information, and good practice guidelines.

A

Knowledge- based data

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26
Q

These data may relate to internal comparisons or external comparisons to benchmarks or best-practice guidelines.

A

Comparison data

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27
Q

These data include pharmacy transactions, required reports, demographic information, financial information, hazard and safety practices, and any data not included in the clinical record.

A

Aggregate Data

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28
Q

used for analysis

A

Qualitative and Quantitative data

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29
Q

Data are described verbally or graphically, and the results are subjective, depending on observers to provide information.

A

Qualitative Data

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30
Q

Data are described in terms of numbers within a statistical format.

A

Quantitative data

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31
Q

This information gathering is done after the design of data collection is outlined, usually in later stages.

A

Quantitative data

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32
Q

Original data are collected for a particular purpose.

A

Primary data

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33
Q

Data were originally collected for another purpose.

A

Secondary data

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34
Q

There are several common methods that preserve data integrity

A

Staff education
system checks
data verification
minimization of fraudulent information

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35
Q

assigned to data that an organization collects.

A

Attributes

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36
Q

two important pieces of information that must be assigned to attributes

A

Name and Domain

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37
Q

usually used to represent the count of something, are those that have a specific value and cannot be further quantified.

A

Discrete data

38
Q

One of the first steps to ensuring adequate data is to

A

do a requirement analysis

39
Q

describes how information is accumulated, stored, accessed, and linked within the information system. In designing the system, it is important to know how it will be used.

A

A physical database design

40
Q

There are three factors to consider in a physical database design

A

Queries
updates
performance

41
Q

essential so as not to inflate a database

A

Eliminating Redundancy

42
Q

is the procedure used to eliminate redundancy and problems and to ensure that information is available from the database through querying.

A

Eliminating redundancy

43
Q

The earliest type, are organized in a tree or parent–child formation with one piece of information connected to many (one-to-many), but in descending order only (not many-to-one).

A

Hierarchical databases

44
Q

are appropriate only for simple structures (e.g., lists of e-mail addresses or telephone numbers) and have limited use in health care.

A

Hierarchical databases

45
Q

Help people make judgments.

A

Decision Support Systems

46
Q

Take all available data for a problem, generate results, implement the results in a simulation, and choose the optimum solution.

A

Decision Support Systems

47
Q

Often used to make staffing decisions

A

Decision Support Systems

48
Q

Similar to decision support systems, but using logic derived from specific task experts.

A

Expert systems

49
Q

Operate using “If, then” type logic drawing from a database of knowledge in the problem area.

A

Expert systems

50
Q

Work using a model of human reasoning processes.

A

Artificial intelligence systems

51
Q

Use the rules of inference such as “If A>B and B>C, then A must be greater than C.”

A

Artificial intelligence systems

52
Q

Attempt to find new ways to represent abstract ideas.

A

Artificial intelligence systems

53
Q

Actually learn by trial and error.

A

Artificial intelligence systems

54
Q

Understand and process information in human language rather than programming language.

A

Natural Language Systems

55
Q

Enable speech and handwriting recognition.

A

Natural Language Systems

56
Q

Strategic information technology (IT) planning that relates the capabilities of the organization to its customers and competitors.

A

Management Information Systems (MIS)

57
Q

Stores data for easy retrieval. As an example, MEDLINE is used to access journal articles and health information.

A

Bibliographic Retrieval Systems

58
Q

May also be called dedicated or turnkey systems. Used only for a specific function that does not require any connectivity.

A

Stand alone systems

59
Q

Process specific transactions and produce reports that have the same format every time.

A

Transaction Systems

60
Q

An input of electric impulses is converted to an output of waveforms. Examples: ECG, EEG, and the non-stress test.

A

Physiologic Monitoring systems

61
Q

an automatic process to record actions and events occurring in an information system in system log files, which contain a record of events for various components of the information system.

A

Logging

62
Q

allows the user to collect data, analyze, save, output results, and control the type of information collected, essentially as a method of computerized research.

A

Data Loggers

63
Q

stand-alone devices that are used to acquire data, such as temperature and humidity in a server room.

A

Data loggers

64
Q

The following are three main threats for information stored in computerized systems

A

Quality
Availability
Confidentiality

65
Q

Information _______ may be compromised by the alteration of files.

A

Quality

66
Q

This tends to happen during system upgrades or the introduction of unwanted programs

A

Quality

67
Q

may be threatened by power outages, damage to the system (or its parts), disaster or sabotage, or the system becoming overloaded.

A

Availability

68
Q

may be compromised by personnel disobeying company policies (or procedures) or unauthorized individuals viewing printed records or computer screens.

A

Confidentiality

69
Q

there are a number of hazards that should be taken into account and managed

A

Environmental and Physical safety
Control
Planning
Time restraints (Archiving)
Transfer
Maintenance

70
Q

This includes exposure to dust, extreme temperature, shock (e.g., earthquakes), humidity, water, and fire.

A

Environmental and Physical Safety

71
Q

This entails the physical and electronic access control mechanisms designed to protect the records from being erased, stolen, or altered.

A

Control

72
Q

This is the process of creating backup copies of records and storing them in a separate location for safekeeping.

A

Planning

73
Q

This process determines how long information must be retained according to state and federal regulations and sets up a system for destruction of obsolete records.

A

Time restraints (Archiving)

74
Q

These are plans to salvage records before they become unusable due to either degradation or changes in computer hardware.

A

Transfer

75
Q

This includes upkeep of the system that writes and reads the data.

A

Maintenance

76
Q

are designed to make sure that the organization’s operations can continue to function (at some level) throughout a disaster and return to full function once the disaster is over.

A

Disaster Recovery Plans

77
Q

Should be an ongoing process covering every conceivable scenario and involving all of the organization.

A

Disaster Recovery Plans

78
Q

outlines ways that the organization can perform disaster recovery drills before they are actually needed.

A

A test plan

79
Q

Lists all personnel who can be called in, alternate locations of data, and places that can be used to conduct business if the primary facility becomes unusable.

A

A backup plan

80
Q

created to guide the organization during and right after a disaster.

A

An emergency plan

81
Q

Some common areas in a disaster recovery plan that are sometimes found to be deficient include

A

Documentation
Equipment
Data Storage
Keeping the plan updated

82
Q

are electronic records that are generated by health care providers and the individual patient, allowing the patient to access, record, and share health
information.

A

Personal health records (PHRs)

83
Q

Patient-maintained paper records can include booklets, files, notebooks, medication records, and handwritten notations.

A

Paper/personal files

84
Q

stand-alone and not connected to a particular system or electronic health record (HER)

A

Non-tethered PHRs

85
Q

These pose more security risks than tethered PHRs and require more input from the individual to maintain accurate records.

A

Non-tethered PHRs

86
Q

Data are tied to a particular system and EHR and are often internet-based.

A

Tethered PHRs

87
Q

A secure patient portal is provided so the individual can access all or parts of the records, including lists of medications and laboratory results.

A

Tethered PHRs

88
Q

Data are derived from multiple sources in a network rather than one system. This allows for more flexibility.

A

Net- worked PHRs

89
Q

Basic principles for networked personal health records (PHRs)include

A

Transparency
Purpose
Consent limitations
control
quality
privacy and security
oversight
troubleshooting

90
Q

presents an opportunity for patient use, allowing patients to participate in their own health care in a number of ways:

A

Personal Health record (PHR)

Nursing Informatics Foundations (30 decks)

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