Data Analysis

Question 1

must be based on a solid understanding of statistical analysis and epidemiological concepts.

Answer 1

Definitions used in data analysis

Question 2

The data include all positive cases, taking into account variables and decreasing the number of false-negatives.

Answer 2

Sensitivity

Question 3

The data include only those cases specific to the needs of the measurement, excluding those from a different population thereby decreasing the number of false-positives.

Answer 3

Specificity

Question 4

Data are classified according to subsets, taking variables into consideration.

Answer 4

Stratification

Question 5

The tool/indicator collects and measures the necessary data

Answer 5

Recordability

Question 6

Results should be reproducible.

Answer 6

Reliability

Question 7

The tool or indicator should be easy to use and understand.

Answer 7

Usability

Question 8

Collection measures the target adequately, so that the results have predictive value.

Answer 8

Validity

Question 9

a method by which to identify patterns and relationships in large amounts of data, such as the identification of risk factors or the effectiveness of interventions.

Answer 9

Knowledge discovery in database (KDD)

Question 10

he steps to KDD include

Answer 10

selecting data, preprocessing (e.g., assembling target data set, cleaning data of noise), transforming data, data mining, and interpreting results.

Question 11

the analysis (often automatic) of large amounts of data to identify underlying or hidden patterns.

Answer 11

Data Mining

Question 12

may be applied to multiple patients’ electronic health records to generate information about the need for further examination or interventions.

Answer 12

Data Mining

Question 13

The steps to data mining include

Answer 13

detecting anomalies, identifying relationships, clustering, classifying, regressing, and summarizing.

Question 14

involves electronically searching through large amounts of information to find relevant items.

Answer 14

Data Mining

Question 15

Data mining uses several tools to look for patterns:

Answer 15

Association rule mining
Classification
Clustering

Question 16

This tool looks for patterns in which a certain data object shows up repeatedly (more than randomly) and is associated with an unrelated data object.

Answer 16

Association Rule mining

Question 17

This tool looks for data group membership. An example would be the number of sunny days in a year.

Answer 17

Classification

Question 18

This tool organizes data objects according to their similar characteristics. This results in a natural pattern or clustering of similar data.

Answer 18

Clustering

Question 19

Data mining can also be called

Answer 19

Knowledge discovery

Question 20

refers to the collection and summation of data for further use, such as for statistical analysis.

Answer 20

Data aggregation

Question 21

may be used to collect information about an individual from multiple sources, often for targeted marketing purposes.

Answer 21

Data aggregation

Question 22

show the spread or dispersion of data.

Answer 22

Measures of distribution

Question 23

is the distance from the highest to the lowest number

Answer 23

Range

Question 24

measures the distribution spread around an average value.

Answer 24

Variance

Question 25

is the square root of the variance and shows the dispersion of data above and below the mean in equally measured distances

Answer 25

standard deviation

Question 26

a method of comparing rates or ratios.

Answer 26

Chi-square (X2)

Question 27

a means by which to establish if a variance in categorical data (as opposed to numerical data) is of statistical significance.

Answer 27

Chi-square test

Question 28

generally used to show whether there is a significant difference between groups or conditions being analyzed.

Answer 28

Chi- square testing

Question 29

used to analyze data to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the means of both groups. examines two sets of data that are similar,

Answer 29

The “t” test

Question 30

used to evaluate the data sets found in scattergrams; it compares the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable to determine if the relationship correlates.

Answer 30

Regression analysis

Question 31

attempting performance improvement and developing practice guidelines without data can be problematic.

Answer 31

Integrating the results of data analysis

Question 32

should assist with case management, decision-making about individual care, improvement of critical pathways related to clinical performance, staff performance evaluations, credentialing, and privileging.

Answer 32

Integration of information

Question 33

the process of changing information from a given source (such as a data entry terminal) into information that can be understood by a destination point (such as a large database)

Answer 33

Data transformation

Question 34

Data transformation is performed in two steps:

Answer 34

Data mapping
code generation

Question 35

This process develops a map of how information flows from one place to another and figures out which parts of the information needs to be transformed.

Answer 35

Data Mapping

Question 36

This is when the actual transformation occurs and the data is converted into a form compatible with its destination.

Answer 36

Code generation

Question 37

can be verbal (e.g., spoken/written representations), analog (e.g., television, radio, telephone, recorded), or digital (e.g., coded).

Answer 37

Data Representation

Question 38

uses continuous waveform signals varying in intensity.

Answer 38

Analog representation

Question 39

uses codes (usually numeric), such as the binary code (base 2) to represent values.

Answer 39

Computerized representation of data

Question 40

comprised of strings of 1s and 0s with 1s stored in magnetized areas of disks and 0s stored in non-magnetized areas; thus, 1 represents “on,” and 0 represents “off.”

Answer 40

binary code

Question 41

Each representation (0 or 1) is referred to as a

Answer 41

Bit - binary digit

Question 42

8 bits =

Answer 42

1 byte

Question 43

1 byte can represent

Answer 43

256 characters

Question 44

1,000 bytes =

Answer 44

1 kilobyte

Question 45

1 million bytes =

Answer 45

1 megabyte

Question 46

1 billion bytes =

Answer 46

1 gigabyte

Question 47

1 trillion bytes =

Answer 47

1 terabyte

Question 48

the pattern of 0s and 1s used to represent characters.

Answer 48

The coding scheme

Question 49

the most common binary coding scheme is

Answer 49

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Question 50

characters represent 4 binary bits; thus, 1 byte can be represented by 2 hexadecimal characters.

Answer 50

Hexadecimal

Question 51

Uses a base of 16 and 16 symbols (usually the numeral 1–9, representing values 0 to 9 and Arabic letters A through F, representing values 10–15).

Answer 51

Hexadecimal coding

Question 52

One digit (4 bits) is referred to as a

Answer 52

nibble

Question 53

8 bits/ 1 byte are referred to as

Answer 53

octet

Question 54

used with the Universal Character Set, is a standardized coding system that has a large capacity and can be used to represent text for most languages, including Asian languages.

Answer 54

The unicode standard coding scheme

Question 55

provides a specific numeric value for each character and can be used across multiple platforms.

Answer 55

Unicode

Question 56

representing all alphabets of the world languages, ideographic sets, symbols, and 100 scripts, and is particularly valuable for making coding accessible internationally.

Answer 56

Unicode