Culture 23

Question 1

INCEST

Answer 1

• Forbidden sexual relations with a close relative.
• The incest taboo is one of the most common of all taboos as almost all societies have some form of incest avoidance.

Question 2

INCOME

Answer 2

Earnings from wages and salaries.

Question 3

INDEPENDENT INVENTION

Answer 3

Appearance of the same cultural trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances.

Question 4

INDIGENIZED

Answer 4

Adapted or modified to fit the local culture.

Question 5

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

Answer 5

• Those peoples native to a particular territory that was later colonized, particularly by Europeans.
• Other terms for indigenous peoples include aborigines, native peoples, first peoples, Fourth World, first nations and autochthonous (this last term having a derivation from Greek, meaning “sprung from the earth”).
• The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues estimates range from 300 million to 350 million as of the start of the 21st century or just under 6% of the total world population. This includes at least 5000 distinct peoples in over 72 countries.

Question 6

INDIVIDUALISM (Collectivism)

Answer 6

Pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family.

Question 7

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Answer 7

The process of historical transformation (in Europe, after 1750) of-“traditional” into “modern” societies through industrialization of the economy by applying new discoveries in science, production methods and distribution of labour.

Question 8

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Answer 8

A society integrated by a complex network of occupational specialties supporting the manufacture of material goods.

Question 9

INFORMAL ECONOMY

Answer 9

The economy common to shanytowns, slums where goods and services sold or bartered are unregulated by formal institutions.

Question 10

INFORMATION AGE

Answer 10

• A form of culture where electronics joins members of diverse cultural backgrounds together.
• Greater quantities of information than ever before are available to individuals, yet certainty about the way systems operate is less and more subject to question.

Question 11

INFORMATION SOCIETY

Answer 11

A society integrated by complex communication networks that rapidly develop and exchange information.

Question 12

INTEGRATION

Answer 12

• The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation.
• An individual integrates when s/he becomes a part of the existing society.

Question 13

INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE

Answer 13

Use of irrigation, draft animals, terracing, natural fertilizers, selective breeding, mechanization, etc., to grow more food.

Question 14

INTERNATIONAL CULTURE

Answer 14

Cultural traditions that extend beyond the boundaries of nation states.

Question 15

INTERPRETIVE APPROACH IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Answer 15

• Regards culture as “texts,” to be read and translated for their “thick” meaning.
• Clifford Geertz is an example of those who represents this approach.

Question 16

INTERPRETIVISM

Answer 16

• Refers to approaches emphasizing the meaningful nature of people’s participation in social and cultural life.
• The methods of natural science are seen as inappropriate for such investigation. Researchers working within this tradition analyse the meanings people confer upon their own and others’ actions.