Connectives Flashcards
and
The lawyer asked me for my ID, wrote down my personal details and told me he’d call me.
y
“ee”
- Use “e” if the word that follows the conjunction starts with an i (ee) sound. *If the word following the conjunction starts with a diphthong (ia/hia, ie/hie, io/hio), we use y as usual.
El abogado me pidió el DNI, anotó mis datos y me dijo que me llamaría.
Also, in additon
She also bought a box of chocolates.
además
“ah-deh-mahs”
Compró, además, una caja de bombones.
Too aswell
I hadn’t understood the joke, but when I saw everyone laughing, I did as well.
también
“tahm-byehn”
No había entendido el chiste, pero cuando vi que todo el mundo se reía, yo me reí también
In addition to
He teaches philosophy and theology as well as history
además de
“ah-deh-mahs deh”
Además de historia, enseña filosofía y teología.
Even
You must clean everywhere, even places where you think mom won’t look.
Incluso
“eeng-kloo-soh”
Tienes que limpiar todo, incluso donde creas que mamá no va a mirar.
But
I want to buy you something but I don’t have any money.
Can be used to indicate contradiction or emphasis.
Pero
“peh-roh”
Te quiero comprar algo, pero no tengo dinero.
However
It’s raining. However, I’m going to go for a run
Sin embargo
“seen ehm-bahr-goh”
Está lloviendo; sin embargo, voy a salir a correr.
Less formal than no obstante. It can be written between a semicolon and a comma or between a period and a comma.
although, though, even though, even if
I’ve already eaten lunch even though it’s only 11 a.m
Very commonly used to express a contradiction or something that goes against the expectation.
Aunque
“own-keh”
Ya he almorzado aunque solo son las 11 de la mañana.
Nevertheless
He lied to me. However, I forgave him.
No obstante
“noh ohbs-tahn-teh”
Me mintió. No obstante, lo perdoné.
Rather formal and is normally used after a period and before a comma.
Despite/ In spite of
I arrived on time in spite of the traffic.
A pesar de
“ah peh-sahr deh”
Llegué a tiempo a pesar del tráfico.
Because
I’m not going to the party because I’m ill.
Mainly used to answer por qué (why) questions.
Porque
“pohr-keh”
No voy a la fiesta porque estoy enfermo.
because, since, as, if
Since it was snowing, we decided to stay home.
Como
“koh-moh”
Como estaba nevando, decidimos quedarnos en casa.
When used to mean “since” and then give a reason, it’s always the first word in the sentence.
Due to, because of
Marta is working from home today because of the public transport strike.
Debido a
“deh-bee-doh ah”
Marta trabaja hoy desde casa debido a la huelga de transporte público.
Thanks to
We won the case thanks to our lawyer’s skill in the courtroom.
Gracias a
Spain: “grah-thyahs ah”
Latin America: “grah-syahs ah”
Ganamos el caso gracias a la aptitud de nuestro abogado en la sala de juicios
Because of
We’ve arrived late because of Luis. He wasn’t ready when we went to pick him up.
Por culpa de
“pohr kool-pah deh”
Hemos llegado tarde por culpa de Luis, que no estaba listo cuando fuimos a buscarlo.
Apart from
Apart from pretty, Lorna is very intelligent.
Aparte de
“ah-pahr-teh deh”
Lorna, aparte de bella, es muy inteligente.
When
I always feel sad when it rains.
Cuando
“kwahn-doh”
Siempre me pongo triste cuando llueve.
Followed by the indicative mood when followed by an action that has happened or happens in general and the subjunctive when the action hasn’t been completed yet.
Where
I’m at the restaurant where we ate the other day.
Donde
“dohn-deh”
Estoy en el restaurante donde comimos el otro día.
Then/ So
I don’t have any money, so I can’t buy a house.
Luego
“lweh-goh”
No tengo dinero, luego no puedo comprar una casa.
Means the same as así que and is used in the same way, but is less common.
Or
What color do you prefer, green or blue?
o
“oh”
¿Qué color prefieres, verde o azul?
o that, so, in order to/for
Leave your email address so that we can stay in touch
I’ve switched the lights off so that you can sleep.
Para que
“pah-rah keh”
Deja tu correo electrónico para que podamos mantenernos en contacto.
He apagado las luces para que puedas dormir.
For that reason
It’s raining. That’s why everyone has an umbrella out.
Por eso
“pohr eh-soh”
Está lloviendo. Por eso todo el mundo anda con paraguas.
because, since, for, then, well
We’ve decided to sell the house because we want to move to Poland.
Pues
“pwehs”
Hemos decidido vender la casa, pues queremos mudarnos a Polonia.
Used to express cause, motive or reason. It can also show sequential value, a question or to emphasize the phrase.
on the other hand
We are in the midst of an economic crisis, but on the other hand, people are still consuming.
por otro lado
“pohr oh-troh lah-doh”
Estamos en crisis económica, pero por otro lado, la gente sigue consumiendo
In summary
In summary, there is no reason to advocate for one theory over the other.
En resumen
“ehn reh-soo-mehn”
En resumen, no hay razón de abogar por una teoría en vez de la otra.
After all
After all, money is just ephemeral. I like spending it in experiences rather than objects.
Después de todo
“dehs-pwehs deh toh-doh”
El dinero es efímero, después de todo. Prefiero gastarlo en experiencias en lugar de objetos.
i.e, that is to say
The swimming pool is contaminated; that is to say, don’t swim in it!
Es decir
Spain: “ehs deh-theer”
Latin America: “ehs deh-seer”
La piscina está contaminada, es decir, ¡no te bañes en ella!
In that case
In this case, we have to use the rule of three.
En este caso
“ehn ehs-teh kah-soh”
En este caso, tenemos que aplicar la regla de tres simple.
Instead of
Why don’t you help me instead of sitting there watching?
En vez de
“ehn behth deh”
¿Por qué no me ayudas en vez de quedarte ahí mirando?
Or better
Is this evolution something necessary or rather a natural process?
o más bien
¿Es esta evolución algo necesario o más bien un proceso natural?
Even if
The government will introduce the new measures even if it doesn’t have the support of the opposition.
aun si
“ah-oon see”
El gobierno implantará las nuevas medidas aun si no cuenta con el apoyo de la oposición
First, firstly
First, peel the onion.
Primero
“pree-meh-roh”
Primero, pela la cebolla.
(provided, as long as, if, whereas)
As long as you study with dedication, you’ll pass the exam.
This is used in the same way as siempre que and is also followed by the subjunctive.
mientras que
“myehn-trahs keh”
Mientras que estudies con dedicación, aprobarás el examen
This is used in the same way as siempre que and is also followed by the subjunctive.
etc.
To be able to bake any kind of cake you need flour, eggs, sugar, etcetera.
Etcétera
Spain: “eht-theh-teh-rah”
Latin America: “eht-seh-teh-rah”
Para poder hornear cualquier pastel se necesita harina, huevos, azúcar, etcétera.
Finally
There were balloons, games, music, sodas, a big cake. In a nutshell, it was quite a birthday party.
En fin
“ehn feen”
Hubo globos, juegos, música, refrescos, una gran tarta… En fin, fue una fiesta de cumpleaños por todo lo alto.
Especially, mostly
I prefer meat to fish, but above all, I like a juicy steak.
Sobre todo
“soh-breh toh-doh”
Prefiero la carne al pescado, pero sobre todo, me gusta un filete jugoso.
Unless
Unless we leave now, we’ll be late to the party.
A menos que
“ah meh-nohs keh”
A menos que salgamos ahora, llegaremos tarde a la fiesta.
From now on
Since your method hasn’t worked out, we’ll do it my way from now on.
A partir de ahora
“ah pahr-teer deh ah-oh-rah”
Como tu método no ha funcionado, a partir de ahora lo haremos a mi manera.
Beforehand
En otro tiempo
“ehn oh-troh tyehm-poh”
Thereby
Thus, we can conclude that the results are statistically significant
De este modo
“deh ehs-teh moh-doh”
De este modo, podemos concluir que los resultados sí tienen relevancia estadística
Neither
I don’t like meat or fish.
Ni
“nee”
No me gusta la carne ni el pescado
Used to express negation or to join 2 or more negative elements in a sentence. Can be used alone or in pairs to add more emphasis.
Neither … nor
I have neither time nor money to go on vacation this year.
Ni … ni
No tengo ni tiempo ni dinero para ir de vacaciones este año.
Used to express negation or to join 2 or more negative elements in a sentence. Can be used alone or in pairs to add more emphasis.
- and
Used instead of y when the word that follows the conjunction starts with an i (ee) sound.*
Luis is tall, handsome and intelligent
e
“eh”
Luis es alto, guapo e inteligente.
Or
if the word that follows the conjunction starts with an o (oh) sound.
He must be seven or eight years old.
u
“oo”
Tendrá siete u ocho años.
either…or
O compras una casa pequeña o ahorras un poco más para poder comprar una más grande.
o … o
Either you buy a small house or you save up a little more so you can buy a bigger one
that is to say, in other words, i.e.
The man turned South, in other words, he turned right.
Used to explain or clarify what you’ve just said. This conjunction is a bit formal and should always be written between commas.
esto es
“ehs-toh ehs”
El hombre giró en dirección sur, esto es, giró a la derecha.
that is to say, in other words, i.e.
I’m an only child, in other words, I don’t have any brothers or sisters.
commonly used. Should always be written between commas.
es decir
Spain: “ehs deh-theer”
Latin America: “ehs deh-seer”
Soy hijo único, es decir, no tengo hermanos ni hermanas.
commonly used. Should always be written between commas.
But
The very formal counterpart to pero.
I am a valiant knight, but I am not aggressive.
mas
“mahs”
Soy un caballero valiente, mas no soy agresivo.
Notice the lack of accent mark, as opposed to más (more)
But
- Normally used when the previous part of the sentence is negative (no…sino).
We haven’t bought a house but an apartment.
sino
“see-noh”
No hemos comprado una casa sino un piso.
so that, so, in order to/for
This one’s more formal than para que.
In order for Spanish people to stop smoking, we’re going to create a new law.
a fin de que
“ah feen deh keh”
This one’s more formal than para que.
A fin de que los españoles dejen de fumar, vamos a crear una nueva ley.
Formal version
so that, so, in order to
We’ve created a new system so that our workers can have more free time.
con el fin de que
Hemos creado un nuevo sistema con el fin de que nuestros trabajadores puedan tener más tiempo libre.
so that, so, in order to
I am studying a lot in order to pass the exam.
con el objeto de que
Estoy estudiando mucho con el objeto de que apruebe el examen
Means the same and is used the same as con el fin de que but is even more formal.
for, because of, due to
He yelled at me for breaking a plate.
por
“pohr”
Me gritó por romper un plato.
Used to introduce a cause or reason for an action or event. It’s followed by a noun, infinitive verb or perfect infinitive verb, never a conjugated verb (when used as a conjunction).
(since, because)
I haven’t bought the phone because I don’t have any money.
Ya que
* “yah keh”
Puesto que
* “pooehs-toh keh”
en vista de que
* “ehn bees-tah deh keh”
No he comprado el teléfono, ya que no tengo dinero.
These all mean the same, can be used interchangeably and are somewhat formal.
because, or else
Stop running, or else you’ll fall.
Used in informal situations. It also normally has the connotation of a warning or hidden advice.
que
“keh”
Deja de correr que te vas a caer.
Used in informal situations. It also normally has the connotation of a warning or hidden advice.
If
If you go to the grocery store, buy tomatoes.
Mostly used to introduce a condition.
si
“see”
Si vas a la tienda, compra tomates.
Mostly used to introduce a condition.
If
If you don’t come, I won’t buy ice cream.
Used when you want to warn or threaten someone. The verb following …. is in the subjunctive form.
como
“koh-moh”
Como no vengas, no compraré helado.
Used when you want to warn or threaten someone. The verb following como is in the subjunctive form.
provided, if, as long as
You can play provided you finish your homework
Also followed by the subjunctive form to express doubt or uncertainty.
siempre que
“syehm-preh keh”
Puedes jugar siempre que termines tus deberes.
Also followed by the subjunctive form to express doubt or uncertainty.
provided that, on condition that
I’ll lend it to you on condition that you give it back to me before Monday.
con tal de que
* “kohn tahl deh keh”
a condición de que
* Spain: “ah kohn-dee-thyohn deh keh”
* Latin America: “ah kohn-dee-syohn deh keh”
Both of these conjunctions are also followed by the subjunctive form.
Te lo presto a condición de que me lo devuelvas antes del lunes.
Both of these conjunctions are also followed by the subjunctive form.
If you decide to come, buy some wine.
A more formal version of si. It’s normally used at the beginning of sentences and, again, is followed by the subjunctive form.
en caso de que
“ehn kah-soh deh keh”
En caso de que decidas venir, compra vino.
A more formal version of si. It’s normally used at the beginning of sentences and, again, is followed by the subjunctive form.
So
I arrived late, so I wasn’t able to go in
así que
“ah-see keh”
Normally follows a comma or a period.
Llegué tarde, así que no pude entrar.
so, so that
Finish quickly so we can go already.
de modo que
“deh moh-doh keh”
Termina rápido, de modo que podamos irnos ya.
Followed by the subjunctive when there’s doubt or uncertainty that the action will happen.
therefore, consequently
There’s a lot of poverty in Spain, therefore, changes need to be made.
por lo tanto
* “pohr loh tahn-toh”
por lo consiguiente
* “pohr loh kohn-see-gyehn-teh”
Hay mucha pobreza en España. Por consiguiente, se deben hacer cambios.
These are rather formal, especially por consiguiente. They’re always followed by a comma.
before
We have to buy the ingredients before the store closes
antes (de) que
“ahn-tehs deh keh”
Tenemos que comprar los ingredientes antes de que cierre la tienda.
Used to express “before doing something.” Always followed by the subjunctive.
after
She arrived 10 minutes after the movie started.
después (de) que
“dehs-pwehs deh keh”
Llegó 10 minutos después de que comenzara la película.
Used to express “after doing something.” Uses the indicative when referring to a present event, the indicative or the subjunctive when referring to a past event and the subjunctive when referring to a future event.
while
I studied for the exam while he cooked dinner.
mientras
“myehn-trahs keh”
Estudié para el examen mientras él cocinaba la cena.
Can be used to express that 2 actions are done at the same time. In this case, we use the indicative form of the verb even if the action hasn’t happened yet.
as soon as
As soon as you finish your homework, we can go to the park.
en cuanto
“ehng kwahn-toh”
tan pronto como
“tahn prohn-toh koh-moh”
Tan pronto como termines tus deberes, podemos ir al parque.
These conjunctions are always followed by the subjunctive, unless they’re used in the past tense for something that already happened.
until
I’m going to stay at the beach until it gets dark.
hasta que
“ahs-tah keh”
Me quedaré en la playa hasta que oscurezca
Hasta que is used before a verb to express the notion of “until” or “up to the point when” in relation to time or conditions.
First of all
First of all, I’d like to thank my brother.
En primer lugar
En primer lugar, quiero dar las gracias a mi hermano.
Secondly
The second time I traveled to Spain, I ended up staying for three years
Segundo
“seh-goon-doh”
La segunda vez que viajé a España, terminé quedándome por tres años.
Then, at that moment
At that moment, he understood he was alone.
Entonces
Spain: “ehn-tohn-thehs”
Latin America: “ehn-tohn-sehs”
Entonces entendió que estaba solo.
Next, further
Next, I want to show you my next project.
Para continuar
“pah-rah kohn-tee-nwahr”
Para continuar quiero mostraros mi próximo proyecto.
Lastly
Lastly, let’s listen to this song
Para terminar
“pah-rah tehr-mee-nahr”
Para terminar escuchemos esta canción.
At the same time
He was studying at the same time I was cooking.
Al mismo tiempo
“ahl mees-moh tyehm-poh”
Estudiaba al mismo tiempo que yo cocinaba.
For example
We sell stationary, for example pencils, pens, notebooks and paper.)
Por ejemplo
“pohr eh-hehm-ploh”
Vendemos artículos de papelería, por ejemplo: lápices, bolígrafos, cuadernos y papel.
Including
I like warm colors, including yellow and orange.
Entre ellos / ellas
Me gustan los colores cálidos, entre ellos el amarillo y el naranja.
Among others
There are many different fruits: apples, pears, grapes among others.
Entre otros/as
“ehn-treh oh-trohs”
Hay muchas frutas diferentes: manzanas, peras, uvas, entre otras.
Also, similarly, likewise, furthermore
We need to finish the project. Also, we should call the client.)
Asimismo
“ah-see-mees-moh”
Necesitamos terminar el proyecto. Asimismo, deberíamos llamar al cliente.
Similarly, likewise, furthermore
Likewise, the contract will be signed by all the parties
Igualmente
“ee-gwahl-mehn-teh”
Igualmente, el contrato será firmado por todas las partes.
Besides
We can stop by the house, besides, I forgot my wallet.
Aparte
“ah-pahr-teh”
Podemos pasar por la casa, aparte, olvidé mi cartera.
As a result
As a result, he moved to Poland.
Como resultado
“koh-moh rreh-sool-tah-doh”
Como resultado, se mudó a Polonia.
As a consequence, accordingly
Accordingly, we’ll only speak Spanish from now on.
En consecuencia
Spain: “ehn kohn-theh-kwehn-thyah”
Latin America: “ehn kohn-theh-kwehn-syah”
En consecuencia, desde ahora hablaremos solo en español.
