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NAPLEX 21 > Compounding II/Excipients > Flashcards

Compounding II/Excipients Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most accurate device for measuring small volumes? And especially useful for measuring viscous liquids (glycerin, mineral oil)

A

syringes

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2
Q

Patients receiving a liquid who require a very accurate dose should use what optio

A

oral syringe

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3
Q

What is used in compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags?

A

hypodermic (parenteral) syringes

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4
Q

What is used to make secure, leak-free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines?

A

leur locks

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5
Q

what is the difference between a volumetric and Mohr pipette?

A

volumetric = draws up a set volume only

Mohr = graduated and is used to measure different volumes, more commonly used in compounding

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6
Q

What is the name of the older balance?

A

Class III torsion balance (Class A balance)

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7
Q

How do you calculate the minimum weighable quantity?

A

MWQ = sensitivity requirement/acceptable error rate (0.05 or 0.5%)

EX: SR = 6mg

6/0.05 = 120mg
*not required for a modern electric balance

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8
Q

Which mortar is used for liquids, such as suspensions and solutions and for mixing compounds that are oily or can stain?

A

glass mortars

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9
Q

Which mortars have a rough surface and are preferred for grinding dry crystals and hard powders?

A

wedgewood

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10
Q

which mortars have a smooth surface and are preferred for blending powders and pulvernizing gummy consistencies?

A

porcelain

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11
Q

what is a sieve?

A

a sifter, which ensures a uniform particle size

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12
Q

ointment mills, homogenizers and grinders are used for

A

mixing ingredients

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13
Q

which of these: ointment mills, homogenizers and grinders

reduce the particle size which increases the surface area and the rate of drug absorption

A

ointment mills and grinders

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14
Q

_______ draws the ointment between rollers that grind and homogenize the ingredients

A

ointment mill

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15
Q

A ______ can be used to mix ointments, creams or other semi solid preparations

A

homogenizer

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16
Q

what do you use when the temp needs to be carefully controlled

A

a water bath

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17
Q

capsules are made from

A

gelatin

hypromellose

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18
Q

capsule sizes range from

A

000 (largest) to 5 (smallest)

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19
Q

Where are recommended compounding ingredients listed ?

A

USP national formulary (USP NF)

Food chemicals Codex (FCC)

preferred manufatcured at a FDA registered facility

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20
Q

If any substance comes from a non-FDA registered facility what is required?

A

CoA certificate of analysis (confirms specifications and quality)

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21
Q

What does the pharmacist assign an ingredient without an expiration date?

A

no more than 3 years from the date of receipt

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22
Q

The label on the container should include

A

date of recepit

assigned expiration date

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23
Q

What do surfactants do to surface tension?

A

lowers it

surfactants are amphillic!

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24
Q

What is the name of the surfactant that reduces the surface tensions between a liquid and a solid

A

wetting agent

ie levigating agent

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25
Q

this type of surfactant is added to an emulsion to help keep the liquid drops dispersed throughout the liquid vehivle

A

emulsifers – two or more liquids

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26
Q

these agents are added to suspensions to help keep the solid particles from settling

A

suspending agents *must be shaken

ie a plasticer

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27
Q

_______ and _______ are both used to grind down particles (make particles smaller)

A

levigation and trituration

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28
Q

What is the difference between levigation and trituration

A

levigation uses levigating agents such as glycerin or PEG (aqueous-soluble) or mineral oil (oil soluble) to aid in the grinding

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29
Q

what is an example of a foaming agent

A

simethicone

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30
Q

what are the delivery vehicles and surfactants commonly used products

A

PEG and poloxamer–>(useful for topical drug delivery)

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31
Q

what is the primary consideration in selecting the surfactant to use in an emulsion

A

whether the emulsion is a water in oil or oil in water emulsion

32
Q

what determines the type of surfactant required?

A

HLB number

33
Q

surfactants with a low HLB # (<10) are what type of emulsions?

A

water in oil

*more lipid soluble

34
Q

Surfactants with a high HLB number (>10) are what type of emulsions

A

oil in water

*more water soluble

35
Q

Glyceryl monostearate HLB 3.8

A

= water in oil emulsion

36
Q

PEG 400 monooleate HLB 11.4

A

= oil in water emulsion

37
Q

Span 65 HLB 2.1

A

= water in oil emulsion

38
Q

Tween 81 HLB 10

A

oil in water

39
Q

Tween 85 HLB 11

A

oil in water

40
Q

A compound is oxidized when it loses/gains electrons

A

loses electrons

41
Q

a compound is reduced when it loses/gains electrons

A

gains electrons

42
Q

How can oxidation be prevented?

A 
light protection
stroage
chelating agents
antioxidants
control pH
43
Q

What are common chelating agents?

A

EDTA

anything with ED!!!!!!

44
Q

what are common antioxidants

A 
vitamin C
tocopherols (vit E)
asorbyl palmitate
Na ascorbate
Na bisulfate
Na sulfoxylate
Na thiosulfate
45
Q

How can hydrolysis be prevented?

A 
light protection
absorbents (desiccants)
lyophilized powders
chelating agents
hygroscopic salt
prodrug
temp
pH
46
Q

how to prevent photolysis

A

light protection

47
Q

Acacia
starch paste
sucrose syrup

A

binders

48
Q

Purpose: add cohesion to powder to allow tablets to stick together while permitting the contents to be released once ingested

can provide stability and strength

A

binders

49
Q

Purpose: to make something more dilute

Purpose: to bulk up a small amount, add size to very small dosages

A

diluents

fillers

50
Q 
lactose
starches (corn, rice wheat)
calcium salts
gelatin
bentonite
cellulose
A

fillers

liquid fillers= water, glycerin, alcohol

51
Q

Purpose: facilitates the breakup of a tablet after oral administration

A

disintegrants

52
Q

alginic acid
polacrilin potassium (Amberlite)
cellulose products
starches

A

disintegrates

53
Q 
aspartame
sucralose
glycerin
dextrose
lactose
mannitol
sorbitol
phenylaline
stecia
xylitol
A

flavoring/colirng

54
Q 
magnesium stearate
PEG
glycerin
mineral oil
stearic acid
A

lubricant

55
Q 
Chlorhexidine
Povidone iodine
sodium benzoate
benzoic acid
sorbic acid
potassium sorbate
parabens
EDTA
thimersoal
A

preservative

“benz” “cetyl”

56
Q

boric acid potassium chloride
sodium acetat
potassium phosphate

A

buffers

ionized compounds = more water soluble

57
Q

Alcohols have high/low miscibility (mixes easily) with water, used to dissolve solutes that would be insoluble in water alone.

Isopropyl alcohol is used as a disinfectant.

A

low

58
Q

PEG 400 is used commonly in compounding and PEG 3350 is used commonly as a laxative. PEG linked to a protein drug (pegyiated), such as PEG-filgrastim, increases/decreases the half-life by helping the drug escape the immune system and decreasing the renal clearance.

A

increases

PEG= good emulsifier

59
Q

__________ products include ointments, creams, lotions, bath oils and soap substitutes.

A

emollient

60
Q

Glycols have a low/high freezing point (which makes antifreeze possible), a high boiling point, and are water soluble.

A

low

61
Q

An __________ refers to a product that softens and soothes the skin.

A

emollient

62
Q

_________ ointments, including petroleum jelly (i.e., white petrolatum), theobroma oil (i.e., cocoa butter), beeswax, paraffin and other waxes form a protective barrier to prevent the loss of water molecules from the top layer of the skin (epidermis). They work well, but feel greasy. They help fill in cracks in the skin, and help to keep very dry skin from cracking.

A

Occlusive

63
Q

__________ are put into many emollient formulations to pull in water from the atmosphere to moisturize the skin. Thev can be sticky-feeling, and are combined with other more soothing ingredients.

A

Flumectants

64
Q

________ include glycerin or glycerol, propylene glycol, PEG, urea, hyaluronic acid.
Selecting a moisturizer can be guided by the water content, since less water provides a stronger barrier to water loss, but a less comfortable (i.e., greasier) emollient.

A

Humectants

65
Q

__________ have from 80-100% oil, with 0-20% water, and are best for extremely dry skin and thick skin, such as on elbows and feet.

___________ are usually about half oil, half water (minimally greater than 20% water and up to 50% oil) and are best for normal and dry skin.

________ have the most water, and are best for oily skin.

A

ointments

creams

lotions

66
Q

Petrolatum
Polybase
Aquaphor
Aquabase

A

ointments

0-20% water

67
Q

eucerin

A

cream

can be o/w or w/o

68
Q

versabase lotion

A

lotions

69
Q

______ contain a hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene with two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene

A

poloxamers

70
Q

aqueous solutions of poloxamers are ___ when regiderated

A

liquid

gel at room temperuate

PLO

71
Q

magnesium oxide
carbonate
kaolin

A

adsorbents

72
Q

shellac
gelatin
fluten

A

coatings

73
Q

cellulose acetate phthalate

A

enteric coating

74
Q 
agar
alginates various gums
gelatins
bentonite
cellulose
starches
A

gelling thickening agent, stabilzer

75
Q

glycerin
glycerol
PEG

A

humectant

NAPLEX 21 (60 decks)

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