Compounding II/Excipients Flashcards
What is the most accurate device for measuring small volumes? And especially useful for measuring viscous liquids (glycerin, mineral oil)
syringes
Patients receiving a liquid who require a very accurate dose should use what optio
oral syringe
What is used in compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags?
hypodermic (parenteral) syringes
What is used to make secure, leak-free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines?
leur locks
what is the difference between a volumetric and Mohr pipette?
volumetric = draws up a set volume only
Mohr = graduated and is used to measure different volumes, more commonly used in compounding
What is the name of the older balance?
Class III torsion balance (Class A balance)
How do you calculate the minimum weighable quantity?
MWQ = sensitivity requirement/acceptable error rate (0.05 or 0.5%)
EX: SR = 6mg
6/0.05 = 120mg
*not required for a modern electric balance
Which mortar is used for liquids, such as suspensions and solutions and for mixing compounds that are oily or can stain?
glass mortars
Which mortars have a rough surface and are preferred for grinding dry crystals and hard powders?
wedgewood
which mortars have a smooth surface and are preferred for blending powders and pulvernizing gummy consistencies?
porcelain
what is a sieve?
a sifter, which ensures a uniform particle size
ointment mills, homogenizers and grinders are used for
mixing ingredients
which of these: ointment mills, homogenizers and grinders
reduce the particle size which increases the surface area and the rate of drug absorption
ointment mills and grinders
_______ draws the ointment between rollers that grind and homogenize the ingredients
ointment mill
A ______ can be used to mix ointments, creams or other semi solid preparations
homogenizer
what do you use when the temp needs to be carefully controlled
a water bath
capsules are made from
gelatin
hypromellose
capsule sizes range from
000 (largest) to 5 (smallest)
Where are recommended compounding ingredients listed ?
USP national formulary (USP NF)
Food chemicals Codex (FCC)
preferred manufatcured at a FDA registered facility
If any substance comes from a non-FDA registered facility what is required?
CoA certificate of analysis (confirms specifications and quality)
What does the pharmacist assign an ingredient without an expiration date?
no more than 3 years from the date of receipt
The label on the container should include
date of recepit
assigned expiration date
What do surfactants do to surface tension?
lowers it
surfactants are amphillic!
What is the name of the surfactant that reduces the surface tensions between a liquid and a solid
wetting agent
ie levigating agent
this type of surfactant is added to an emulsion to help keep the liquid drops dispersed throughout the liquid vehivle
emulsifers – two or more liquids
these agents are added to suspensions to help keep the solid particles from settling
suspending agents *must be shaken
ie a plasticer
_______ and _______ are both used to grind down particles (make particles smaller)
levigation and trituration
What is the difference between levigation and trituration
levigation uses levigating agents such as glycerin or PEG (aqueous-soluble) or mineral oil (oil soluble) to aid in the grinding
what is an example of a foaming agent
simethicone
what are the delivery vehicles and surfactants commonly used products
PEG and poloxamer–>(useful for topical drug delivery)
what is the primary consideration in selecting the surfactant to use in an emulsion
whether the emulsion is a water in oil or oil in water emulsion
what determines the type of surfactant required?
HLB number
surfactants with a low HLB # (<10) are what type of emulsions?
water in oil
*more lipid soluble
Surfactants with a high HLB number (>10) are what type of emulsions
oil in water
*more water soluble
Glyceryl monostearate HLB 3.8
= water in oil emulsion
PEG 400 monooleate HLB 11.4
= oil in water emulsion
Span 65 HLB 2.1
= water in oil emulsion
Tween 81 HLB 10
oil in water
Tween 85 HLB 11
oil in water
A compound is oxidized when it loses/gains electrons
loses electrons
a compound is reduced when it loses/gains electrons
gains electrons
How can oxidation be prevented?
light protection stroage chelating agents antioxidants control pH
What are common chelating agents?
EDTA
anything with ED!!!!!!
what are common antioxidants
vitamin C tocopherols (vit E) asorbyl palmitate Na ascorbate Na bisulfate Na sulfoxylate Na thiosulfate
How can hydrolysis be prevented?
light protection absorbents (desiccants) lyophilized powders chelating agents hygroscopic salt prodrug temp pH
how to prevent photolysis
light protection
Acacia
starch paste
sucrose syrup
binders
Purpose: add cohesion to powder to allow tablets to stick together while permitting the contents to be released once ingested
can provide stability and strength
binders
Purpose: to make something more dilute
Purpose: to bulk up a small amount, add size to very small dosages
diluents
fillers
lactose starches (corn, rice wheat) calcium salts gelatin bentonite cellulose
fillers
liquid fillers= water, glycerin, alcohol
Purpose: facilitates the breakup of a tablet after oral administration
disintegrants
alginic acid
polacrilin potassium (Amberlite)
cellulose products
starches
disintegrates
aspartame sucralose glycerin dextrose lactose mannitol sorbitol phenylaline stecia xylitol
flavoring/colirng
magnesium stearate PEG glycerin mineral oil stearic acid
lubricant
Chlorhexidine Povidone iodine sodium benzoate benzoic acid sorbic acid potassium sorbate parabens EDTA thimersoal
preservative
“benz” “cetyl”
boric acid potassium chloride
sodium acetat
potassium phosphate
buffers
ionized compounds = more water soluble
Alcohols have high/low miscibility (mixes easily) with water, used to dissolve solutes that would be insoluble in water alone.
Isopropyl alcohol is used as a disinfectant.
low
PEG 400 is used commonly in compounding and PEG 3350 is used commonly as a laxative. PEG linked to a protein drug (pegyiated), such as PEG-filgrastim, increases/decreases the half-life by helping the drug escape the immune system and decreasing the renal clearance.
increases
PEG= good emulsifier
__________ products include ointments, creams, lotions, bath oils and soap substitutes.
emollient
Glycols have a low/high freezing point (which makes antifreeze possible), a high boiling point, and are water soluble.
low
An __________ refers to a product that softens and soothes the skin.
emollient
_________ ointments, including petroleum jelly (i.e., white petrolatum), theobroma oil (i.e., cocoa butter), beeswax, paraffin and other waxes form a protective barrier to prevent the loss of water molecules from the top layer of the skin (epidermis). They work well, but feel greasy. They help fill in cracks in the skin, and help to keep very dry skin from cracking.
Occlusive
__________ are put into many emollient formulations to pull in water from the atmosphere to moisturize the skin. Thev can be sticky-feeling, and are combined with other more soothing ingredients.
Flumectants
________ include glycerin or glycerol, propylene glycol, PEG, urea, hyaluronic acid.
Selecting a moisturizer can be guided by the water content, since less water provides a stronger barrier to water loss, but a less comfortable (i.e., greasier) emollient.
Humectants
__________ have from 80-100% oil, with 0-20% water, and are best for extremely dry skin and thick skin, such as on elbows and feet.
___________ are usually about half oil, half water (minimally greater than 20% water and up to 50% oil) and are best for normal and dry skin.
________ have the most water, and are best for oily skin.
ointments
creams
lotions
Petrolatum
Polybase
Aquaphor
Aquabase
ointments
0-20% water
eucerin
cream
can be o/w or w/o
versabase lotion
lotions
______ contain a hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene with two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene
poloxamers
aqueous solutions of poloxamers are ___ when regiderated
liquid
gel at room temperuate
PLO
magnesium oxide
carbonate
kaolin
adsorbents
shellac
gelatin
fluten
coatings
cellulose acetate phthalate
enteric coating
agar alginates various gums gelatins bentonite cellulose starches
gelling thickening agent, stabilzer
glycerin
glycerol
PEG
humectant
