cognitive exp for depression non bio

Question 1

what is it an explanation of?

Answer 1

unipolar depression

Question 2

what does the explanation believe?

Answer 2

that thinking processes can cause the disorder

Question 3

who developed the explanation and when?

Answer 3

beack in 1960s

Question 4

what did he develop?

Answer 4

the cognitive model for depression

Question 5

what does the model believe causes the disorder?

Answer 5

genetics and early experiences which affect thinking

Question 6

who are schemata involved?

Answer 6

they are built up from interactions and experiences

Question 7

how many aspects are there to the model of depression?

Answer 7

3

Question 8

what are the three main aspects of the model of depression?

Answer 8

cognitive triad
cognitive errors
schemata

Question 9

what is the cognitive triad?

Answer 9

a negative view of self, the world and the future

Question 10

what are cognitive errors?

Answer 10

faulty thinking, long with negative and unrealistic ideas

Question 11

what are schemata, how are they involved?

Answer 11

mental representation, patterns of maladaptive (not adjusting appropriately to enviro) thoughts and beliefs

Question 12

what did beck say that depression is a product of?

Answer 12

pessimistic schemata about how the world works

Question 13

when do negative schemata develop?

Answer 13

during childhood

Question 14

how do negative schemata develop?

Answer 14

as a result of early trauma and unhappy experiences, leading to the cognitive triad

Question 15

what do negative schemata lead to?

Answer 15

cog triad

Question 16

how can the cog triad create a hopeless view?

Answer 16

see themselves as worthless/useless
seeing the environment as full of obstacles and overwhelming
then seeing the future as hopeless

Question 17

what can help confirm the beliefs that they have gained from early experience?

Answer 17

a trigger or event that occurs later in life, normally mirroring the event

Question 18

how many schemata did beck state were involved in depression?

Answer 18

5

Question 19

what are the likely schemata involved in depression?

Answer 19

cognitive 
affective 
physiological
motivational 
behavioural

Question 20

what is the cognitive schemata?

Answer 20

lead to seeing actual or threatened loss

Question 21

what is the affective schemata?

Answer 21

leading to sadness

Question 22

what is the motivational schemata?

Answer 22

lead to helplessness and lack of direction

Question 23

what is the behavioural schemata?

Answer 23

lead to withdrawal and inactivity

Question 24

what does the existence of the particular schemata lead to?

Answer 24

they will concentrate on processing information that is relevant to the schemata
and not on more personally positive information

Question 25

what information is ignored due to existence of particular schemata?

Answer 25

personally positive information

Question 26

what does the concentration of info for schemata lead to?

Answer 26

reinforcement of negative beliefs

Question 27

what does the existence of negative thoughts lead to?

Answer 27

biased processing/cognitive errors that lead to symptoms of depression

Question 28

what does biased processing/cognitive errors lead to?

Answer 28

symptoms of a emotional disorder e.g. depression

Question 29

what are two examples of cognitive errors?

Answer 29

over generalisation and polar reasoning

Question 30

what is overgeneralisation?

Answer 30

an overall negative conclusion about all situations based on one perhaps trivial event. e.g. if one bad relationship occurs may generalise to all future relationships

Question 31

what is polar reasoning?

Answer 31

all or nothing thinking unless everything is perfect it is considered a failure one small mistake may mean they are totally incompetent

Question 32

what do cog errors change and trigger?

Answer 32

perception and trigger anxiety and negative thoughts

Question 33

what does the change in perception and triggering of anxiety and negative thoughts trigger?

Answer 33

behaviour consistent with the symptoms of depression e.g. helplessness

Question 34

what two types of schema does beck now believe are involved in depression?

Answer 34

interpersonal and personal achievement

Question 35

what is the interpersonal schema?

Answer 35

generalised representation of self other relationships developed during childhood through interaction with attachment figures

Question 36

what is the personal achievement schema?

Answer 36

characterised by failure to achieve goals

Question 37

what leads to the formation of a depressogenic schemata?

Answer 37

life events such as string of unhappy experiences

Question 38

why is the explanation holistic? (S)

Answer 38

takes into account genes, early experiences and learning and suggests developmental issues can lead to certain patterns of thinking

Question 39

what did the cog explanation lead to? (S)

Answer 39

the creation of CBT treatment which has been found as effective in treating depression such as NICE, therefore has been useful to society and adds to validity

Question 40

how is the explanation valid?(S)

Answer 40

creation of CBT

Question 41

what did lewinsohn find?(S)

Answer 41

researched depression and found that when stressed, dysfunctional attitudes rather than environmental factors was the strongest predictor of adolescent major depressive disorder (shows how negative thinking is biggest contributor)

Question 42

what did hollon find?(S)

Answer 42

reported on many attempts to evaluate CBT and found that it performed well in controlled trials. It appears that CBT helps for at least as long as drug treatment, suggesting that addressing negative thought processes must be involved in depression in order for CBT to work

Question 43

what does the explanation fail to explain?

Answer 43

gender bias and why women suffer more frequently than men, no evidence that men have more negative schemas

Question 44

what is the issue of cause and affect?(W)

Answer 44

there is not evidence that negative thoughts cause depression rather than simply being present in the disorder, negative thinking seems to stop when depression does, suggesting that it comes with depression but is not the cause of it