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Medical Terminology CH 6 > CMA - CH 21 Key Terms > Flashcards

CMA - CH 21 Key Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

amino acid

A

basic structural unit of protein

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2
Q

antioxidant

A

something that prevents oxidation

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3
Q

ascorbic acid

A

Vitamin C

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4
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Level of energy that is required when the body is at rest.

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5
Q

beriberi

A

disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin B / thiamin; characterized by headaches, depression, anorexia, constipation, tachycardia, edema, and heart failure.

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6
Q

chachectic

A

describes a state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting.

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7
Q

calories

A

unit of heat. The large calorie is used in discussion of human nutrition. The large calorie is also expressed as the kilogram calorie (kcal), equal to 1,000 small calories.

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8
Q

carotene

A

Vitamin A

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9
Q

cellulose

A

type of indigestible fiber made of carbs found in plants

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10
Q

cheilosis

A

caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B2 (riboflain) and characterized by sores on the lips and cracks in the corners of the mouth.

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11
Q

cholecalciferol

A

Vitamin D

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12
Q

cobalamin

A

Vitamin B12

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13
Q

coenzyme

A

Substance that enhances a catalyst.

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14
Q

digestion

A

Breaking down of food into smaller particles. Physical and chemical.

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15
Q

diuretics

A

Substance that causes less water to be reabsorbed into the kidney and therefore causes water to be excreted from the body.

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16
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

formation of electrical signals that allow information to flow through the nervous system.

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17
Q

electrolytes

A

substance that conducts electricity whose components are important in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance. Some minerals are electrolytes in that they become ionized and carry a positive or negative charge.

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18
Q

extracellular

A

pertaining to the environment outside of a body cell.

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19
Q

fat-soluble vitamin

A

pertaining to substances that are hydrophobic and therefore dissolve better in fat.

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20
Q

folic acid

A

One of the B complex vitamins.

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21
Q

glossitis

A

inflammation of the tongue

22
Q

glycogen

A

Carbohydrate form used for storage of sugar in the body.

23
Q

hemolysis

A

rupturing and destruction of the red blood cells during the process of blood collection. The serum or plasma becomes contaminated and has a reddish color.

24
Q

homeostasis

A

the process that stops bleeding; either a natural balancing process of the body or by mechanical means (such as using a hemostat instrument to clamp a blood vessel)

25
Q

hydrogenated

A

an unsaturated fat that is combined with hydrogen.

26
Q

hypercalcemia

A

elevated level of calcium in the blood.

27
Q

hyperkalemia

A

elevated level of potassium in the blood

28
Q

hypermagnesemia

A

elevated magnesium in the blood

29
Q

hypernatremia

A

elevated level of sodium in the blood.

30
Q

hyperphosphatemia

A

elevated level of phosphorous in the blood.

31
Q

major minerals

A

mineral that is required in large amounts by the body. SEVEN: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, iron.

32
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

type of anemia characterized by many large, immature, and dysfunctional red blood cells.

33
Q

metabolism

A

total of all changes, chemical and physical, that take place in the body. Also, the use of the nutrients that have been absorbed to maintain the living state of the cells and the entire body.

34
Q

niacin

A

one of the B-complex vitamins

35
Q

nutrients

A

ingested substance that helps the body stay in it’s homeostatic state.

36
Q

nutrition

A

a complex process by which a plant or animal takes in, breaks into usable segments, and utilizes nutrients to sustain life.

37
Q

pellagra

A

disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid) characterized by sores on the skin, diarrhea, anxiety, confusion, and death if not treated.

38
Q

pernicious anemia

A

chronic anemia caused by lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; weakness, fatigue, tingling of extremities, and even heart failure can result; vitamin B12 injections are the treatment for this condition.

39
Q

preservatives

A

chemical added to food to keep it fresh longer, or added to urine to preserve it for testing.

40
Q

pyridoxine

A

Vitamin B6

41
Q

riboflavin

A

Vitamin B2

42
Q

saturated fats

A

fats that are typically solid at room temp, most commonly found in animal products such as butter, milk, cream, and eggs as well as coconut and palm oils.

43
Q

scurvy

A

deficiency in vitamin C characterized by the abnormal formation of bones and teeth. Signs of hemorrhage can appear, such as bruising.

44
Q

thiamin

A

Vitamin B1

45
Q

tocopherol

A

Vitamin E

46
Q

trace minerals

A

Mineral required by the body in small amounts. IE: copper, chromium, molybdenum. selenium, manganese, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluorine.

47
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing or constricting of blood vessels

48
Q

vasodilation

A

relaxation of blood vessels, with decreased blood pressure.

49
Q

water-soluble vitamin

A

vitamins that can be dissolved in water and are carried to the body’s tissues but are not stored in the body. IE: Vitamin C and the b vitamins.

50
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrom

A

a syndrome whose symptoms include a clinical triad of confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

51
Q

xerophthalmia

A

dry, lusterless mucous membranes of the eyes.

52
Q

SEVEN BASIC NUTRIENT TYPES

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Fats
  3. Proteins
  4. Vitamins
  5. Minerals
  6. Water
  7. Fiber

Medical Terminology CH 6 (24 decks)

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