Clinical Considerations V Flashcards
what is the defect in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
defect in the gene coding for protein = dystrophin
what is the function of dystrophin?
links actin cytoskeleton of muscle to external lamina
what is Myasthenia Gravis?
there are ACh receptor antibodoes which block/attach ACh receptors int eh postsynpatic membrane of the NMJ
What happens during bronchial asthma?
smooth muscle thickening(hypertrophy and hyperplasia) - decrease lumen diameter = wheezing
what is Myocardial ischemia?
decreased blood flow to heart muscle - involving coronary a.
what causes myocardial ischemia
atherosclerosis
what is myocardial infarction?
necrotic cardiac msucle after ischmia
what do you see in histo slides of myocardial infarction?
vascularization bringing macrophages in for phagocytosis of the myocytes - clean up — then fibrosis!
what is Guillain Barre Syndrome?
PNS demyelinating disease
what is Multiple Sclerosis?
CNS demyelinating disease
what is the role of astrocytes?
role in regulating tight junctions of BBB
what happens in astrocytoma?
in CNS - astrocytes proliferate to form scar tissue
large presence of glial fibrillary acdici protein (GFAP)
valuable markers?
what is a hiatal hernia?
herniation of stomach thought the esophagus hiatus into the thoracic cavity
Types - sliding (95%) and paraesophageal hernia (5%)
what are the potential consequences of GERD?
heart burn, esophagitis, BARRETTS ESOPHAGUS and esophageal cancer
barretts esophagus is what…
pre cancerous condition
what is a peptic ulcer?
eats away at stomach lining - can be superficial or deep (perforate stomach)
what is another name for congenital megacolon?
Hirchsprung Disease
what is the cause of congential megacolon (Hirchsprung disease)?
faulty migration of neural crest cells
-lack of myenteric plexus = no peristalsis = constipation HARDCORE
what is a complication of esophageal varices (portal hypertension)?
bleeding - hematemesis
what is a complication of hemorrhoids?
bleeding
what happens in hemorrhoids and esophgeal varices?
veins of submucosa get dilated and tortuous and project into lumen
what is acute pancreatitis?
sudden inflammation of pancreas
80% are caused by gallstone and alcohol
what happens when there is a blockage of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone in the sphincter of oddi?
stops the flow fo pancreatic fluid
what is cirrhosis of the liver?
fibrous liver - first its fatty then necrosis then fibrosis
where does the fibrosis come from?
Glissons capule fibrous CT migrated into the lobules and give it the fibrotic appearance
