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Histology > Clinical Consideration - IV > Flashcards

Clinical Consideration - IV Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main problem associated with Kartagener’s syndrome?

A

lack most of the inner and outer dyenin arms = impairement of mucociliary clearance

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2
Q

what are the microtubule associated proteins (MAPS)?

A

kinesin, dyenin and dynamin

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3
Q

What does Kartagener syndrome result in?

A

situs inversus
recurrent pulmonary infections
infertility in men (sterility)

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4
Q

what is immotile cilia syndrome?

A

primary ciliary dyskineisa + situs inversus = KS

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5
Q

what does bullae mean?

A

enlarged fluid filled vessicle largedr than 1 cm

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6
Q

what is attacked by the antigen antibody complex in bullous pemphigold?

A

the hemidesmosomes are degraded

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7
Q

define atrophy?

A

decrease in the size

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8
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size

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9
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells

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10
Q

metaplasia

A

REVERSIBLE changes in one mature epithelium by another

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11
Q

dysplasia

A

failure of maturation - with increased cell proliferation

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12
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal, uncontrolled proliferation of cells associated with the development of cancers

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13
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasms of EPITHELIAL CELL ORIGIN

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14
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

only in epithelium

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15
Q

what are examples of metaplasia?

A

bronchitis and barretts esophagus

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16
Q

what is barretts esophagus?

A

marked by the presence of columnar epithelia in the lower esophagus, replacing the normal squamous cell epithelium—an example of metaplasia.

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17
Q

whats an example of dysplasia?

A

cervix

18
Q

what is adenoma?

A

derived from glands

19
Q

what is lipoma?

A

benign tumor within subcutaneous fat - soft to touch - composed of sheets of adipocytes

20
Q

what is ehlers Danlos syndrome?

A

abnormal colalgen production - mutations in the gene encoding alpha chains of collagens

21
Q

what is ehlers danlos characterized by?

A

early morbidity and mortality due to rupture of vessels and internal organs

22
Q

what is a hypertrophic scar?

A

within original wound boundary

23
Q

what is keloid scar?

A

extending into surrounding tissue

24
Q

what is anaphylatic shock?

A

increase mast cell release of histamine - basophils elevated in peripheral smear

25
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

reduce osteoclast,
promote bone building
decrease blood calcium level

26
Q

what does PTH do?

A

acts on osteoblasts
produce osteoclast SF
increases blood calcium levels

27
Q

what happens in osteoarthritis?

A

its a degenerative form of arthritis - joints wear out - articular cartilage wears out - pain

28
Q

what does eburnation mean?

A

describes a degenerative process of bone commonly found in patients with osteoarthritis or non-union of fractures. It is an ivory-like reaction of bone occurring at the site of cartilage erosion

exposure of the subchondrial bone

reduced joint space

29
Q

what is deficient in Rickets?

A

Vitamin D - only in children

30
Q

what is vitamin D deficiency terms in adults instead of Rickets?

A

osteomalacia

31
Q

where does 90% of sunlight come from?

A

sunlight

32
Q

what do children present when they have Rickets?

A

bowing of legs
ligeon brest deformity
rachitic roasry - The prominent knobs of bone at the costochondral joints of rickets patients are known as a rachitic rosary or beading of the ribs. The knobs create the appearance of large beads under the skin of the rib cage, hence the name by analogy with the beads of a rosary.
scoliosis

33
Q

why can’t the bones support the weight of children with Rickets?

A

there is less mineralization = more osteoid (because osteoid is unmineralized maxtrix)

34
Q

what is osteopetrosis?

A

increased osteoblastic activity = thickening of bone

35
Q

what is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

genetic defect in type I collagen

36
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

thinning of bone - due to decreased estrogen in post menapausal women or senile

37
Q

why does decreased estrogen lead to osteoporosis?

A

decrease estrogen = increased section of IL-1 which is a potent stimulator of osteoclasts

38
Q

how is osteoporosis measured?

A

DEXA - dual energy x ray absorptiometry - bone mineral density

39
Q

what type of disease is Bollae phemphigoid?

A

autoimmune disease - antibodies against hemidesmosomes

40
Q

what do pericytes resemble?

A

fibroblasts

Histology (21 decks)

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