Clinical Consideration - IV Flashcards
what is the main problem associated with Kartagener’s syndrome?
lack most of the inner and outer dyenin arms = impairement of mucociliary clearance
what are the microtubule associated proteins (MAPS)?
kinesin, dyenin and dynamin
What does Kartagener syndrome result in?
situs inversus
recurrent pulmonary infections
infertility in men (sterility)
what is immotile cilia syndrome?
primary ciliary dyskineisa + situs inversus = KS
what does bullae mean?
enlarged fluid filled vessicle largedr than 1 cm
what is attacked by the antigen antibody complex in bullous pemphigold?
the hemidesmosomes are degraded
define atrophy?
decrease in the size
hypertrophy
increase in size
hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
metaplasia
REVERSIBLE changes in one mature epithelium by another
dysplasia
failure of maturation - with increased cell proliferation
neoplasm
abnormal, uncontrolled proliferation of cells associated with the development of cancers
carcinoma
malignant neoplasms of EPITHELIAL CELL ORIGIN
Carcinoma in situ
only in epithelium
what are examples of metaplasia?
bronchitis and barretts esophagus
what is barretts esophagus?
marked by the presence of columnar epithelia in the lower esophagus, replacing the normal squamous cell epithelium—an example of metaplasia.
whats an example of dysplasia?
cervix
what is adenoma?
derived from glands
what is lipoma?
benign tumor within subcutaneous fat - soft to touch - composed of sheets of adipocytes
what is ehlers Danlos syndrome?
abnormal colalgen production - mutations in the gene encoding alpha chains of collagens
what is ehlers danlos characterized by?
early morbidity and mortality due to rupture of vessels and internal organs
what is a hypertrophic scar?
within original wound boundary
what is keloid scar?
extending into surrounding tissue
what is anaphylatic shock?
increase mast cell release of histamine - basophils elevated in peripheral smear
what does calcitonin do?
reduce osteoclast,
promote bone building
decrease blood calcium level
what does PTH do?
acts on osteoblasts
produce osteoclast SF
increases blood calcium levels
what happens in osteoarthritis?
its a degenerative form of arthritis - joints wear out - articular cartilage wears out - pain
what does eburnation mean?
describes a degenerative process of bone commonly found in patients with osteoarthritis or non-union of fractures. It is an ivory-like reaction of bone occurring at the site of cartilage erosion
exposure of the subchondrial bone
reduced joint space
what is deficient in Rickets?
Vitamin D - only in children
what is vitamin D deficiency terms in adults instead of Rickets?
osteomalacia
where does 90% of sunlight come from?
sunlight
what do children present when they have Rickets?
bowing of legs
ligeon brest deformity
rachitic roasry - The prominent knobs of bone at the costochondral joints of rickets patients are known as a rachitic rosary or beading of the ribs. The knobs create the appearance of large beads under the skin of the rib cage, hence the name by analogy with the beads of a rosary.
scoliosis
why can’t the bones support the weight of children with Rickets?
there is less mineralization = more osteoid (because osteoid is unmineralized maxtrix)
what is osteopetrosis?
increased osteoblastic activity = thickening of bone
what is osteogenesis imperfecta?
genetic defect in type I collagen
what is osteoporosis?
thinning of bone - due to decreased estrogen in post menapausal women or senile
why does decreased estrogen lead to osteoporosis?
decrease estrogen = increased section of IL-1 which is a potent stimulator of osteoclasts
how is osteoporosis measured?
DEXA - dual energy x ray absorptiometry - bone mineral density
what type of disease is Bollae phemphigoid?
autoimmune disease - antibodies against hemidesmosomes
what do pericytes resemble?
fibroblasts
