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Histology > Cell Cycle & Cell Death > Flashcards

Cell Cycle & Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

where is DNA sequestered?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

what is the largest organelle in the cell?

A

nucleus

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3
Q

how many subunits make up the nuclear pore complex?

A

8 large subunits

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4
Q

what are the 4 zones of the nucleolus? What do each do?

A

fibrillar center - contain rRNA genes - 13,14,15,21,22
fine fibrillar / nuclear organizer center - transcription of rRNA genes
granular region / pars granulosa - initial ribosome assembly
chromatin assocated with nucleolus - looks like heterochromatin

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5
Q

what makes up a nucleosome?

A

DNA + histone

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6
Q

what is euchromatin (appearance + activity)?

A

less condensed

more transcriptionally active

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7
Q

what is heterochromatin (appearance and activity)?

A

more condensed

less transcriptionally active

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8
Q

what are the specialized sequences that make up a chromosome?

A

centromere
telomere
replication origin

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9
Q

what is a centromere?

A

o centric heterochromatin, persistence throughout interphase, hold sister chromatids together, site of kinetochore formation

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10
Q

what is a telomere?

A

at the end of the chromosome

allows chromosome to be replicated

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11
Q

what is found in interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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12
Q

what is found in mitosis?

A

karyokinesis

cytokinesis

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13
Q

what is the longest, most variable phase in the cell cycle?

A

G1/Gap 1

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14
Q

what are the 2 checkpoints in the G1 phase? what do they use?

A

G1 DNA damage checkpoint - p53 Check

G1 restriction checkpoint (look at size, environment)- retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

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15
Q

what happens during the S phase? What does S phase mean?

A

new sister chromatids are formed

DNA synthesis/replication

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16
Q

what is the checkpoint in S phase?

A

S DNA damage checkpoint

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17
Q

what happens in the G2 phase?

A

cell prepares for division

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18
Q

what are the checkpoints in the G2 phase?

A

unreplicated DNA checkpoint

G2 DNA damage checkpoint

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19
Q

what are the two checkpoints in the M phase?

A

spindle assembly checkpoint

chromosome segregation checkpoint

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20
Q

what does the spindle assembly checkpoint do?

A

prevents premature entry into anaphase

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21
Q

what does the chromosome segregation checkpoint do?

A

prevents cytoinesis until separation of chromosomes

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22
Q

what are the stages of karyokinesis?

A 
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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23
Q

what is mitosis?

A

asexual reproduction = division- produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells

24
Q

where is the nucleation site for growth of microtubules?

A

tubulin rings

25
Q

what does the microtubule organizing center contain?

A

1 pair of centrioles

many tubulin rings

26
Q

where is the kinetichore formed?

A

centromere?

27
Q

what is the function of the kinetichore?

A

attach chromosome to mitotic spindle

28
Q

what forms the mitotic spindle?

A

2 centrosomes
microtubules
motor proteins

29
Q

what happens during S phase?

A

replication of DNA

replication of centrosome

30
Q

what happens during the G2 to M transition?

A

centrioles of the duplicated centrosomes are moving to opposite poles
their orientation determines the cells plane of division!

31
Q

what happens during prometaphase?

A

breakdown of nuclear envelope

32
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

nucleolus disassembles

33
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

sister chromatids are at opposite ends of poles
nuclear envelope reassembles
assembly of contractile ring

34
Q

what does cytokinesis result in?

A

creation of 2 daughter cells = diploid 2n

35
Q

what regulates G1?

A

cyclin D
retinoblastoma (Rb)
p53

36
Q

what regulates S phase?

A

cyclin E and A

37
Q

what regulates G2

38
Q

what regulates M

A

cyclin B

APC

39
Q

in the G1 phase, what do retinoblastoma do in resting cells?

A

inhibit progression to S phase because it holds onto E2F

tumor suppressor

40
Q

in the G1 phase, what do retinoblastoma do in active cells?

A

E2F dissociates and you have progression to S phase

41
Q

how is the APC activates?

A

separation of sister chromatids

degrading cyclin B

42
Q

when DNA damage is found, what happens in G1, S, G2 DNA Damage checkpoints?

A

activates tumor suppressors ATM and ATR

43
Q

what does the unreplicated DNA checkpoint do at G2?

A

prevents progression until DNA replication is complete

inactivates cyclin B

44
Q

what is the major thing that happens in M phase spindle assembly checkpoint

A

inhibition of APC - prevents premature anaphase

45
Q

what happens in the M phase chromosome segregation checkpoint?

A

prevents cytokinesis

makes sure that the chromosomes have been correctly separated first!

46
Q

what is unique about anaphase I?

A

random assortment - increases genetic diversity

47
Q

what does meiosis II produce?

A

genetically unique haploid gametes

48
Q

what is it called when the daughter cell only recieves one chromosome?

49
Q

what is aneuploid? what are they commonly associated with?

A

an abnormal number of chromosomes, and is a type of chromosome abnormality

cancer/tumor cells

50
Q

what are 5 stages of necrosis?

A 
nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis)
nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis)
nuclear fading (karyolysis)
nuclear dissolution
anuclear necrotic cell
51
Q

what is released from the mitochondria during apoptosis?

A

cytochrome C

52
Q

why is there no inflammation in apoptosis?

A

macrophages release cytokines IL-10 and TGF -beta to inhibit inflammation!

53
Q

what is normal in embryological development, and in normal/abnormal tissue homeostasis?

54
Q

what is carcinoma?

A

malignant tumor growing from epithelial tissue

55
Q

what is sarcoma?

A

malignant tumor growing from connective tissue

56
Q

what makes up 90% of human cancers?

Histology (21 decks)

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