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Psychology Fall Sem 2024 > Chpt 8: Everyday Memory & Memory Errors (PSY311) > Flashcards

Chpt 8: Everyday Memory & Memory Errors (PSY311) Flashcards

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1
Q

Goals of the Memory System:

A

Acquisition
Gains new info & knowledge
Storage
Processing of retaining & monitoring info
Retrieval
Using relevant info

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2
Q

Cabeza & Co (2004) Experiment

A

Participants asked to take pics of landmarks on campus
Later compared brain activation when viewing pics that they took vs. pics of the same landmark taken by someone else.
Both types of pics activated similar brain structures
Med temporal lobe (episodic memories)
Parietal cortex (scene processing)
Hippocampus
Own-pics activated more of the Prefrontal cortex (self info)
Hippocampus (episodic memories)

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3
Q

What events are remembered well?

A

Significant events
Highly emotional events

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4
Q

Memory is _____ for recent events & events that occurred in the ____________ & ________ adulthood (10-30)

A

high, adolescence, early

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5
Q

Def: reminiscence bump

A

Reminiscence bump: enhance memory for events from adolescence & young adulthood found in ppl over 40.

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6
Q

Generally, we tend to remember more ________ events, but as we grow and get older, we also can remember things from the years of age _________ too.

A

recent, 10-30

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7
Q

What are the implications for memories during this 10-30y/o period of time being so easy to recall?

A

Self-Image Explanation
Cognitive Explanation
Cultural Life Script Explanation

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8
Q

Def: Self-Image Explanation

A

Self-Image Explanation: identity is formed between 10-30y/o
Begins during adolescence
Core memories or meaningful ones occur
Part of the transitional period between your childhood & adulthood

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9
Q

Def: Cognitive Explanation

A

Cognitive Explanation: encoding memories is better during periods of quick change like survival processing, new environments, and new routines.
Evidence from those who emigrated to the US after young adulthood indicates that a shift in the reminiscence bump
Predicts the reminiscence bump should occur later for some.

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10
Q

Def: Cultural Life Script Explanation

A

Cultural Life Script Explanation: Cultures place traditional events at transitional periods
Personal events are easier to recall if it fits in the cultural life script.
Ex: Quinceañera, Sweet 16, Sweet 21

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11
Q

Schrauf & Rubin experiment on the cognitive explanation

A

2 groups of immigrants were tested; ages 20-24.
The reminiscence bump isn’t there for the ppl who emigrated later on in their lives; this was explained by late emigration eliminating the stable period that would usually happen during early adulthood. This is due to early adulthood not being followed by a stable period, due to that no reminiscence bump happens, which is predicted by the cognitive hypothesis.

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12
Q

Def: youth bias

A

Youth bias: the tendency for the most notable public events in a person’s life to be perceived to occur when one is young.

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13
Q

Formation of self ________, rapid changes followed by _________, & culturally expected events, these are the things that occur during the reminiscence bump.

A

identity, stability

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14
Q

Def: flashbulb memories

A

Flashbulb memories: memories for the circumstances surrounding important events.
Could be individually meaningful, but could also be culturally significant

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15
Q

Flashbulb memories are ______ memories for the event all in itself, but only for memories just for the _________ of hearing about the event.
Ex: 9/11, Death of MJ, Covid, etc.

A

NOT, experience

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16
Q

Dolcos & Co experiment

A

tested participants’ ability to recognize emotional & neutral pics after a year delay & observed better memory for the emotional pics.
One structure stood out right away; the amygdala.

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17
Q

Hormones like ________ are released ________ & after emotionally arousing stimuli.

A

cortisol, during

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18
Q

Cahill & Co demonstration on the stress hormones released after emotional experiences.

A

Showed participants neutral & emotionally arousing pics; then had some participants immense their arms in ice water, which causes release of cortisol.
The no stress group immerse their arms in warm water, which is a non stressful situation that doesn’t cause cortisol release.
They were then asked to describe the pics a week later, those who had been exposed to stress recalled more of the emotionally arousing pics than the neutral ones

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19
Q

Hormones activation that happens _______ arousing emotional experiences ___________ memory consolidation in humans.

A

after, enhances

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20
Q

Increases consolidation associated with _________ has also been linked to increased activity in our __________

A

emotion, amygdala

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21
Q

What is included in your flashbulb memories?

A

Features: highly emotional, vivid and very detailed memories
These aren’t quite photographic

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22
Q

Neisser & Harsch (‘92) Experiment on Flashbulb memories

A

Studied memory for the day participants heard abt the challenger explosion
Participants had to recite memory, repeat recall later
DV: compare initial description to a baseline of 2 time periods.
Like: ratings of # of details, vividness, the accuracy of the memory, etc.
They filled out a questionnaire within a day after the explosion and then filled out the questionnaire again 2 ½ to 3 years later.
Right after the explosion, only 21% of the participants indicated that they had first heard abt it on TV, but later, 45% of the participants reported that they had first heard abt it on TV.
Reports become more memorable thru repetition and that TV is a major source of that.

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23
Q

Flashbulb memories _______ over time

A

fade

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24
Q

Def: Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis

A

Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis: states that we might remember events like those that happened on 9/11 not bc of a special mechanism but bc we rehearse these events after they occur.

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25
Q

Ost & Co experiment

A

Approached ppl in an English shopping center and, after permission, asked them abt the Princess Diana & Fayed crash.
Out of n=45, 20 said they had seen the recording
The recording doesn’t exist

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26
Q

Memory = what happened + _______________, experiences, ____________, beliefs

A

prior knowledge, expectations

27
Q

Pros of constructing Memories:

A

Allows us to fill in the gaps
When we have missing info in our memory:
Understand language
Solve issues
Make decisions

28
Q

Cons of constructing Memories:

A

Sometimes we: make errors, misattribute the source of info, and don’t know if it was real or not.

29
Q

Def: Constructive Nature of Memory

A

Constructive nature of memory: what ppl report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors like their knowledge, experiences, & expectations.

30
Q

Def: Source monitoring

A

Source Monitoring: the processing of determining where a certain memory came from.

31
Q

We can sometimes _________ where we hear/learn info, a source monitoring error.

A

forget

32
Q

Source Monitoring is also important bc if we find out a source that has been giving out ________ info when we don’t ________ the things we learned from that same source; we could be spreading false info.

A

false, remember

33
Q

Def: Source monitoring error

A

Source monitoring error: misidentifying the source of one’s memory
These are common and we are often not aware they happen

34
Q

Jacoby & Co: Becoming Famous Overnight demonstration

A

Testing participants’ ability to distinguish between famous & not so famous names
They read a lot of made-up non famous names like Sebastian Weissdorf.
They correctly identified most of the old nonfamous names as being nonfamous
The delayed test group were told that the names they had seen were not famous.
Participants were more likely to identify the old non famous names if they were delayed

35
Q

Def: illusory truth effect

A

Illusory truth effect: enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation.

36
Q

Def: the Misinformation effect

A

The misinfo effect: misleading info presented after it happened could change how that person describes the same event later.

37
Q

Loftus et al (‘78) Experiment on post-event info (MPI) can influence memory

A

Participants were shown a slideshow of a car at an intersection stopping at a stop sign.
Asked them if they saw the car stop at a yield sign
Participants in the yield condition were more likely to report seeing a car at the yield sign. Despite never being shown a yield sign

38
Q

Def: fluency

A

Fluency: remembering a statement with ease.

39
Q

Def: pragmatic Interference

A

Pragmatic inference: occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that isn’t explicitly stated or implied by the sentence.

40
Q

False memories arise from the same _________ process that produces _______ ones.

A

constructive, true

41
Q

__________ could cause memory issues, while at the same time it provides the _________ that enables us to do things like understand language, solve issues, and make decisions.

A

Construction, creativity

42
Q

Loftus & Palmer experiment

A

Showed participants the same video of a car accident
After the video, I asked them how fast the cars were going when they hit or smashed into (2 different groups said 2 different things) each other.
The more violent verb (smashed instead of hit) was used, higher estimates of speed by the participants. Participants were also more likely to report seeing glass on the ground, despite no broken glass being shown.
The MPI alone altered their memories for the event.

43
Q

The power of _______ lies with a source monitoring error
Failure to _________ source of info
My own memory? Or what they said?

A

MPI, distinguish

44
Q

Loftus & Pickrell experiment on memory interference or inception

A

Things experienced before event influencing memory - is proactive interference
Things experienced after event inlining memory - retroactive interference
Hypothesized that participants will recall autobiographical events (lost in the mall) if the info is presented & then retroactively interference with the interview with suggestive questions.
Packets mailed dot the participants containing questions abt 3 real childhood stories and 1 false event.
The 3 events occurred between ages 4-6.
Participants then interviewed a couple weeks later
Were asked leading questions
Only abt 29% believed the false planted memory
For those, their memory for the false event became more clear over time.
68% of true events recalled correctly
Autobiographical memories can be altered with relative ease - suggestibility

45
Q

Like any other autobiographical memories, eyewitness testimonies -

A

Opens to distortion, constructed recollection, and highly emotional

46
Q

Wells & Bradfield experiment

A

Participants view security vid of real crime with a gunman for 8secs
After the task, I was asked to identify the gunman from the pics after.
Every participant identified someone.
Actual gunman wasn’t in the vid at all.

47
Q

Memory errors:

A

Assumption of correct answers
MPIs form interviews with investigators
Leading questions can influence memories
Highly emotional memory processing danger
We process the danger more than the detail around it

48
Q

Stanny & Johnson’s experiment on how weapons influence memory of crimes

A

Assumes weapons draw more attention than one’s face
Showed participants videos of crimes & asked questions abt the ppl in them.
½ of conditions the weapon was discharged
When a shot was fired, overall memory for details decreased
Overall, eyewitness testimonies are inconsistent at best

49
Q

__________ can also be influenced by other factors related to misinfo

A

Testimonies

50
Q

Leading questions & _________ during the interview with police can cause witnesses to agree to and ”____________” seeing things that were suggested to them.

A

suggestions, remember

51
Q

Lindsay’s experiment on the source monitoring & MPI

A

Asked participants who were exposed to MPI.
They first saw a sequence of slides that showed a maintenance man stealing money & a computer.
Participants in the difficult condition sheard a misleading narrative shortly after seeing the slide presentation.
A couple days later, they returned and were told there were errors in the narrative story and that they should ignore the info in the story when taking the memory test.
Participants in the easy condition also heard the misleading stored but it was delayed a couple days after.
The procedure for the difficult condition made it easy to confuse the misleading narrative & the narrated slide show bc they occurred one after the other and were read off by the same person.
27% of the responses of the difficulty matched the incorrect info that was presented.
The easy condition was easy to separate the misleading narrative front eh slideshow bc they occurred a couple days apart & were read by diff speakers. Only 13% matched the misleading narrative.

52
Q

Wade & Co’s childhood memory experiment

A

Showed participants pics obtained from family members that showed them involved in lots of events like bday parties or vacations in the ages of 4-8.
They also threw in pics that were photoshopped.
They were shown the pic & were asked to describe what they remembered abt the event. If they couldn’t remember, they were told to close their eyes & pic while participating in the event.
They easily recalled the real events but initially didn’t recall taking a certain ride at 6 flags.
35% of the participants “remembered” the specific ride, and after a couple more interviews, half of them described their experiences with that same ride.

53
Q

Def: Repressed childhood memory

A

Repressed childhood memory: memories that have been pushed out of the person’s consciousness.

54
Q

Eyewitness testimony is based on 2 assumptions:

A

The eyewitness was ale to clearly see what occurred
The eyewitness was able to fully remember their observations & translate them into an accurate description of the perpetrator & what actually occurred.

55
Q

The assumption abt the accuracy of testimony is based on the popular __________ that our memory is like a _________ or a video.

A

conception, camera

56
Q

Def: weapons focus

A

Weapons focus: the tendency to focus attention on a weapon that results in a narrowing of attention.

57
Q

Recommendations for mistaken identifications:

A

When asking a witness to pick the perpetrator from a lineup, info the witness that the perpetrator might not be in that lineup.
When constructing a lineup, use filters who are similar to the suspect. Increasing similarity does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but substantially reduces the erroneous identification of innocents, especially when the perpetrator isn’t in the lineup.
Use a blind lineup administrator, someone who doesn’t know who the suspect is.
Have the witnesses rate their confidence immediately as they are making their identification.

58
Q

Def: Cognitive interview

A

Cognitive interview: involves letting the witness talk with a minimum of interruption & also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene.

59
Q

As we get older, we tend to have the strongest memories for our experiences when we are 10-30 years old. This phenomenon is known as the
A) Young adult effect
B) Mid-Life crisis Bump
C) Reminiscence bump
D) Prime Memory effect

A

C

60
Q

Yesterday I heard that there are more grains of sand in a beach than stars in the universe. While I remember the information I was told, at this point, I have no idea where I heard it from. I’m sure I learned it at school at some point, but I cannot recall the exact source of the information. This is an example of a
A) Memory distortion
B) Constructed memory
C) Source monitoring error
D) Misinfo effect on memory

A

C

61
Q

I have a very vivid and distinct memory for where I was and what I was doing when I heard that Michael Jackson had died. This is an example of a
A) Photographic memory
B) Specific memory
C) Celebrity memory
D) Flashbulb memory

A

D

62
Q

In Cabeza et al. (2004), two brain structures which were more active when the participants were shown pictures that they took as opposed to photos that others took. These two brain structures were the hippocampus and the _________.
A) Medical temporal lobe
B) Prefrontal cortex
C) Parietal cortex
D) Cerebellum

A

B

63
Q

The idea that false information given to someone AFTER an event can change how people remember that event is called
A) The McGurk effect
B) The sourcing effect
C) The generation effect
D) The misinfo effect

A

D

Psychology Fall Sem 2024 (24 decks)

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