Chpt 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research (PSY302) Flashcards
Def: Single case experimental designs
experimental designs that allows cause and effect inferences based on data from one oor a small number of research participants.
Also called single subject design and small-N design
This object’s behavior is measured during a baseline period, followed by experimental manipulation and continued measurement.
One method of determining that the manipulation had an effect is to demonstrate the _____________ of the manipulation.
reversibility
Def: Reversal design
a single case design in which the treatment is introduced after a baseline period and then withdrawn during a 2nd baseline period.
In a ABA design, behaviors is observed during the baseline control (A) period, again during the treatment t (B) period, and also during a second baseline (A) period after the experimental treatment has been removed
This can be greatly improved by extending it to an ABAB design or even a ABABAB design.
Def: Multiple baseline design
Multiple baseline design: observing behavior before & after a manipulation under multiple circumstances.
Across diff individuals, diff behaviors, or diff settings.
Effectiveness of a treatment is demonstrated when a behavior changes only after the manipulation is introduced.
Such a change must be observed under multiple circumstances to rule out the possibility that other events were responsible
The procedure used with a single subject can be __________ with others.
replicated
_________ case design research often reports on the results for____________ subjects
Single, multiple
Traditional single case research presents results from each subject ____________ to avoid masking _______ between participants.
individually, diffs
Def: Quasi Experimental design
Quasi Experimental design: approximate the control features of the experiments to infer that a given treatment did have its intended effect.
Def: One group posttest only design
a quasi experimental design that has no control group and no pretest comparison.
This is a poor design in terms of internal validity.
Def: One group pretest posttest design
obtains a comparison by measuring participants before and after manipulation.
List: Potential threats to internal validity (One group Pretest-Posttest Design):
History Effects
Maturation Effect
Testing Effect
Instrument Decay
Regression Toward the mean
Def: History Effects
Any outside event that could be responsible for the results.
Def: Maturation Effect
Naturally occurring change within the individual is responsible for the results
Def: Testing Effect
Simply taking the pretest changes the participants behavior
Def: Instrument Decay
Change in the measuring instrument (observers too) is responsible for the results
Def: Regression Toward the mean
the principle that extreme scores on a variable tend to be closer to the mean when a 2nd measurement is made.
Def: Nonequivalent control design
compares an experimental group with a separate control group, but the 2 groups are not equivalent.
Diffs become a confounding variable, an issue called selection diffs or selection bias
Def: Nonequivalent control group pretest posttest design
compares an experimental group with a nonequivalent control group, and incorporates a pretest & posttest.
A pretest shows how similar the groups were before the manipulation; a posttest shows if the groups experienced similar effects despite their dissimilarities.
Def: Propensity score matching
a method of pairing individuals for assignment to a treatment and control condition based on a combo of scores on participants variables.
Mitigates the disadvantages of studying nonequivalent groups.
Def: Interrupted time series design
examines the DV over an extended period of time, before & after the IV is implemented
Vulnerable to interpretation issues (possible regression to the mean)
Def: Control series design
an extension of the interrupted time series design in which there is a comparison or control group
Involves finding a similar population that didn’t receive the manipulation being studied
Developmental psychologists use 3 methods to study changes in ppl as they age:
Cross-Sectional method
Longitudinal Method
Sequential Method
Def: Cross-Sectional method
Persons of diff ages are measured at only a single point in time
Def: Longitudinal Method
The same group of ppl is observed at diff points in time as they grow older
Def: Sequential Method
The longitudinal and cross sectional methods are used in combination.
The ____________ method is relatively _____________ & allows comparisons to be made quickly
cross sectional, inexpensive
Researchers can only infer than any diffs found are due to _____; diffs may actually be due to _______ effects
age, cohort
Def: cohort
Cohort: a group of ppl born around the same time and exposed to the same societal events
Def: cohort effects
Cohort effects: diffs among age groups attributed to social, cultural, economic, or political diffs rather than to the effect of age.
The __________ method is the only way to conclusively study changes in ppl as they age.
It control for cohort effects
It’s __________ & difficult to carry out and takes a long time to yield results.
longitudinal, expensive
The ____________ method takes less time & effort than the longitudinal method & yields some results right away.
It does provide some info on ________ in ppl as they age.
It doesn’t ______ info as complete as a longitudinal study can offer.
sequential, changes, prove
