Chapter 9: Conducting Experiments (PSY302) Flashcards
Samples might be drawn from the population by:
Probability sampling
Nonprobability sampling
When it’s important to accurately describe the population,you must use ___________ sampling.
probability
In research that’s more interested in testing hypotheses abt behavior, however,the participants might be found more easily using _______________ sampling methods
nonproability
In general, increasing sample ________ increases the likelihood of statistically _____________ results.
size, significant
Researchers must 1st make the experimental space:
Supply participants with the info necessary for them to provide their informed consent.
Make the experimental setting possible for participants
Exactly how the variable is manipulated depends on the _________ and the cost, practicality, and ________ of the procedure.
variable, ethics
Straightforward manipulations use ____________ & other stimuli to manipulate an IV.
instructions
Staged manipulations stage events during the experiment in order to manipulate the __ successfully.
IV
The Staged manipulations are done for 1 of 2 reasons:
Try to create a psychological state in participants
To simulate a real world situation
Staged mani;ulations frequently employ a ____________ (sometimes accomplice).
confederate
A general principle to follow is to make the manipulation as _______ as possible.
strong
Def: Strength of manipulation
Strength of manipulation: the potential amount of impact of the IV on the DV.
This is especially important in early states of research.
2 considerations when we talk about the strength of manipulation:
The strongest possible manipulation might entail a situation that rarely, if ever, occurs irl.
A manipulation should be as strong as possible within the bounds of ethics.
Manipulation that uses ____________ presentation of written or verbal material is less ________ than a complex, staged experimental Manipulation.
straightforward, costly
Types of Measures:
Self Reports
Behavioral Measures
Physiological Measures
Def: Self Reports
Self reports: measures that require participants to describe themselves.
The most commonly used rating scales are those with descriptive anchors (endpoints).
Def: Behavioral Measures
Behavioral measures: direct observations of behaviors
Often observed bharios must be quantified - in terms of rate, reaction time,& duration
Sometimes the behavioral measure isn’t an actual behavior but a behavioral intention or a choice.
Def: Physiological Measures
Physiological measures: recording of responses of the body
Types of Physiological Measures that we use:
Galvanic Skin response (GSR)
Electromyogram (EMG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Def: Galvanic Skin response (GSR)
Galvanic skin response (GSR): uses the electrical conductance of the skin
Def: Electromyogram (EMG)
Electromyogram (EMG): uses the electrical activity of muscles
Def: Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG): measures electrical activity in the brain
Def: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): scan body structures, including the brain, to create images.
Def: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): measures blood flow to areas of the brain to create an image of electrical activity.
Ways a variable can be measured:
If the IV has the same effect on several measures from the DV, confidence in the results is increased
It’s useful to know whether the same IV affects some measures but not others.
Research might also be interested in the effect of an IV on several diff behaviors
With more than one dependent measure, the question of ________ arises.
order
The DV should be _________ enough to detect _______ between groups
sensitive, diffs
The issue with sensitivity is particularly important when measuring human performance includes:
Ceiling effect
Floor effect
Def: Ceiling effect
Ceiling effect: an issue where the IV appears to have no effect on the dependent measure bc participants quickly reach the minimum performance level.
Def: Floor effect
Floor effect: an issue that happens when the task is so difficult that hardly anyone can perform well.
Some measures might be more _______ than others
costly
______ & pencil self report measures are generally inexpensive, measures that require trained _________ or elaborate equipment can become quite costly.
Paper, observers
Def: Demand characteristics
Demand characteristics: the features of an experiment that could inform participants of the purpose of the study.
When participants form expectations abt the hypothesis, they might what is necessary to confirm the hypothesis.
_________ can migrate this effect
Deception
Def: Filter Items
Filter items: unrelated items on a questionnaire, used to disguise a DV.
Just administering an apparent treatment might be sufficient to _______ an observed improvement in behaviors - the phenomenon known as the ________ effect
cause,, placebo
Def: Expectancy effects/experimenter bias
Expectancy effects/experimenter bias: the impact of an experimenter’s bias on the outcome of a research study
The experimenter might unintentionally treat participants differently in the various conditions of the study
When recording behavior, there might be subtle diffs in how the researcher interprets & records them.
There are ways to minimize expectancy effects:
Experimenters should be well trained & should practice behaving consistently with all participants
Run all conditions simultaneously so that the experimetner’s behaviors is the same for all participants.
Automated procedures can minimize expectancy effects.
Single-Blind experiment
Double-Blind experiment
Def: Single-Blind experiment
Single blind-experiment: the participants are unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administered.
Def: Double-Blind experiment
Double-blind experiment: neither the participants the experimenter in whether who took the placebo and who took the real drug.
Def: pilot study
Pilot study: the researcher does a trial run with a small number of participants.
Research proposals are written ______ the researcher has put considerable thought into planning the study.
after
Def: manipulation check
Manipulation check: an attempt to directly measure whether the IV manipulation has the intended effect on the participants.
A ________ session provides an opportunity for a researcher to interact with participants after data has been collected.
debriefing
Def: Pre-registration
Pre-Registration: the process by which researchers identify & articulate their research questions, hypotheses, & analysis plan for their studies before they collect & analyze data
A response to the Open Science movement, which emerged as a response to threats to the integrity of modern science.
The final planning considerations would be to ________ a study & analysis plan in an open access archive.
preregister
Statistical ________ are carried out to allow the researcher to examine & interpret the pattern of results.
This helps the researcher decide whether there really is a relationship between the ___________________
analyses, IV & DV.
Meetings sponsored by professional associations give researchers a __________ to present their findings to other researchers & the ________
Ex: annual meetings for APA
chance, public
Research papers submitted to journals are subjected to ____________
As many as 90% of papers submitted to the more prestigious journals are __________.
peer review, rejected
