Chpt 3 (Ethics of Behavioral Research) PSY302

Question 1

Explain Milgram’s experiment

Answer 1

study the obedience to authority
Volunteers were told they would be participating in a study on the effects of punishment on learning.
Each would administer punishment (electric shock) to a learner who was actually a confederate of the experimenter

Question 2

What were the results of the Milgram experiment?

Answer 2

Appproximately 65% of the participants continued to deliver shocks to the highest level
The results challenged many of our beliefs abt our ability to resist authority, but the study is also an important example when discussing ethics in behavioral research

Question 3

Def: The Nuremberg Code.

Answer 3

was a set of 10 rules of medical research conduct developed in response to Nazi research atrocities.

Question 4

The Declaration of Helsinki __________ on the Nuremberg Code in ‘64 & required journal editors to ensure published research was compliant.

Answer 4

expanded

Question 5

What are the 3 basic ethical principles of the Belmont Report?

Answer 5

1. Principle of Beneficence
2. Principle of Respect for Persons (Autonomy)
3. Principle of Justice

Question 6

Def: principle of Beneficence

Answer 6

research should confer benefits, with minimal risks, as determined by a risk-benefit analysis

Question 7

Def: principle of Respect for Persons/Autonomy

Answer 7

Participants are treated as autonomous & can exercise informed consent.

Question 8

Def: principle of justice

Answer 8

the benefits & risks of research should be allocated airly when selecting research subjects. refers to the fairness & equity; that all persons are entitled to access & benefit from the contributions of psych & equal quality in processes, procedures, & services.

Question 9

Def: APA ethics code

Answer 9

periodically amended & applies to psychologist in their many roles

Question 10

What are the 5 general principles of Conduct?

Answer 10

1. As in the Belmont Report, the principle of beneficence refers to the need for research to maximize benefits & minimize any possible harmful effects of participation.
2. The Principle of Fidelity & Responsibility
3. The principle of Integrity
4. The principle of justice
5. The Principle of Respect for persons

Question 11

Def: the principle of fidelity & responsibility

Answer 11

that psychologists must establish relationships of trust & be aware of their responsibilities to society & to be specific communities in which they work.

Question 12

Def: the principle of Integrity

Answer 12

that psychologists must seek to promote accuracy, honesty, & truthfulness, & they don’t steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge or intentional misrepresentation of fact.

Question 13

Def: The principle of respect for persons

Answer 13

Psychologists respect the dignity & worth of all ppl, & the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, & self-determination
They are aware that special safeguards might be necessary to protect the rights & welfare of some ppl or communities whose vulnerability impair autonomous decision making.
They are aware of the many diffs among ppl & consider these factors with an eye to eliminating the effect of biases on their work.

Question 14

The principle of beneficence leads us to __________ potential risks & _________ of research - to perform a risk-benefit analysis

Answer 14

examine, benefits

Question 15

Def: privacy (behavioral research)

Answer 15

refers to the participants’ ability to maintain control of the info they provide & behaviors observed.

Question 16

Def: Informed consent

Answer 16

the idea that potential participants in research should be provided with info that might influence their active decision to participate.

Question 17

What should every Informed consent form cover?

Answer 17

Purpose of the research
Procedures that will be used
Risks & benefits
Any compensation
Confidentiality
Voluntary participation & permission to withdraw
Contact info for questions

Question 18

What to do when you need to make a Informed consent form?

Answer 18

Form is printed in no smaller than 11pt small ass font
Form is free of technical jargon and written at 6th-8th grade level
Form is not written in the 1st person.
Contact info is provided for questions abt the study (usually phone and email contacts for the researcher, faculty advisor, & the institutional review board office).

Question 19

What should you also include while you describe your study?

Answer 19

Explanation for the purposes of the research in clear language
Expected duration of the subject’s participation
Description of the procedures

Question 20

What does every description of benefits & risks need to have?

Answer 20

Description of any reasonably foreseeable risks or discomforts & safeguards to minimize the risks
Description of any benefits to the individual or to others that might reasonably be expected from the research
Description of the extent, if any, to which confidentiality or record identifying the individual will be maintained
If applicable, a disclosure of appropriate alternative procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that might be advantageous to the person.

Question 21

What needs to be included in your Request for Consent?

Answer 21

Statement that participants are being asked to participate in a research study.
Statement that participation is voluntary; refusal to participate will involve no penalty or loss of benefits to which the subject is otherwise entitled, & the subject might discontinue participation at any time without penalty for loss of benefits to which the person is otherwise entitled.
If an incentive is offered, a description of the incentive & requirement to obtain it; also, a description of the impact of a decision to discontinue participation

Question 22

Def: assent

Answer 22

an agreement by a minor in which the written consent form is signed by a parent or guardian

Question 23

Withholding some info from participants is generally _________ when the research is designed as minimal risk, the info would _____ affect the decision to participate, and the info will be provided later

Answer 23

acceptable, not

Question 24

Def: deception (behavioral research)

Answer 24

Actively misrepresenting info abt the nature of a study

Question 25

Def: active deception

Answer 25

is actively providing misinfo abt the nature of the study.

Question 26

Def: debriefing

Answer 26

occurs after completion of the study & includes an explanation for the purposes of the research
It’s an opportunity for the researcher to ideal with issues of withholding info, deception, & potential harmful effects of participation.

Question 27

Debriefing has been found to be an ______ way of dealing with ___________ that arise in research.
At least in some circumstances, it must be thorough.

Answer 27

effective, ethical issues

Question 28

Debriefing is a part of a researcher’s _______ to treat participants with _______________.

Answer 28

obligation, dignity & respect

Question 29

Def: Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Answer 29

that is responsible for reviewing research conducted at that institution
It has to have a minimum of 5 members
One must be an external member

Question 30

Federal agencies that regulate IRBs define research as:

Answer 30

Systematic investigation, including research development, testing, & evaluation.
Designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.

Question 31

Research with human subjects is classified as either _______ risk or ____________ minimal risk.

Answer 31

minimal, greater than

Question 32

If procedures are judged by the IRB as posing greater than minimal risk, _____________ is required

Answer 32

a full board review

Question 33

Def: minimal risk (behavioral research)

Answer 33

means that the risks of harm to participants is no greater than in daily life or routine tests

Question 34

What does the minimal risks qualify for?

Answer 34

1. Exempt review
2. Expedited review
3. Limited review

Question 35

Def: Exempt review

Answer 35

the research is one of several categories that are exempt from the more rigorous review requirements of federal regulations.

Question 36

Def: expedited review

Answer 36

the research is not in an exempt category, but the review is less extensive & time-consuming than a full review.

Question 37

Def: limited review

Answer 37

used with research that includes behavioral interventions for which sensitive data are collected from adult participants.

Question 38

The APA Ethics Code addresses the use of ________ & has also develop a more details Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care & Use of Nonhuman Animals

Answer 38

animals

Question 39

Def: plagiarism

Answer 39

misrepresenting an author’s work as your own; might be increasing in prevalence due to the internet