Chpt 14: Generalization (PSY302)

Question 1

Our collective understanding of sex & gender has evolved ________, as has the _________ around those topics.

Answer 1

rapidly, language

Question 2

Def: Sex

Answer 2

Sex usually refers to the biological classification, usually assigned at birth based on the external appearance of our genitals, & denoted most often with the terms of male or female. Sex diffs, then refer to the physiological diffs.

Question 3

Def: Gender

Answer 3

Gender: a sociocultural classification shaped by cultural & historical forces & often denoted with the terms man and woman

Question 4

Def: Gender identity

Answer 4

Gender identity refers to a person’s personal & psychological experience of gender.

Question 5

Def: Race

Answer 5

the social categorization of humans based on skin color & other physical characteristics. NO science of human behavior can be complete without considering this critical identity.

Question 6

Def: Ethnicity

Answer 6

Ethnicity: how a person belongs, or is thought to belong, to a population or subpopulation made up of ppl who share a common cultural background or descent. In research, don’t overlook the impact that race & ethnicity might have on variables of interest. Additionally, collect data from diverse samples & report your results accordingly.

Question 7

Def: Culture

Answer 7

a set of behaviors, customs, normal, beliefs, values, knowledge, language, & expressions of a social group.

Question 8

If psychologists want to understand human __________, they have to understand human behavior across & among ________.

Answer 8

behavior, cultures

Question 9

Much of the research on culture centers on identifying _________ & diffs in personality & other psychological characteristics & how ppl from diff cultures respond to the ________ environments.

Answer 9

similarities, same

Question 10

Def: External validity

Answer 10

the extent to which findings might be generalized to other populations & settings

Question 11

Why are college students usually selected for psychological research?

Answer 11

Note that individuals who participate in psychological research are usually selected bc they are available and the most available population is college students.
A highly restricted population,
Young, with social & political attitudes in flux
High cognitive skills
More similar to each other than adults are similar to other adults in the gen pop.

Question 12

Volunteers tend to diff in various ways from non volunteers:

Answer 12

They tend to be more highly educated
Of a higher SES
More in need of approval
More social

Question 13

The location where participants are ________ can also impact a study’s ________ validity.

Answer 13

recruited, external

Question 14

Online samples can be more diverse than the typical college student sample: they are still not _____________, so there are still generalization issues.

Answer 14

representative

Question 15

Most research with nonhuman animals is done with the expectations that the findings can be _____________ to humans.

Answer 15

generalized

Question 16

Basic research with nonhuman animals is important bc the research problems that are addressed require ________ that couldn’t be done with human samples.

Answer 16

procedures

Question 17

Artificiality of the lab setting can ______ the ability to generalize lab observation to real life settings.

Answer 17

limit

Question 18

The use of pretests can create _______ validity problems.

Answer 18

external

Question 19

In most lab research, only one experimenter is used. Potentially influencing characteristics of experimenters:

Answer 19

Personality
Gender identity,
Experience

Question 20

Def: Replication

Answer 20

Replication: a way to overcome any issues of generalization that happens in a single study.

Question 21

2 types of replications:

Answer 21

Exact replication
Conceptual replications

Question 22

Def: Exact replication

Answer 22

An attempt to precisely replicate the procedures of a study.

Question 23

Def: Conceptual replications

Answer 23

The use of diff procedures to replicate a research finding.

Question 24

In a literature review, a review reads a number of studies that ________ a particular topic & then writes a paper ________ & evaluating the literature.

Answer 24

address, summarizing

Question 25

The literature review provides info that:

Answer 25

Summarizes what has been found
Informs the reader which findings are strongly supported & which are only weakly supported.
Points out inconsistent findings & areas in which research is lacking.
Discusses future directions for research

Question 26

In a ____________: the researcher ________ the actual results of a number of studies & then analyzes them using a set of statistical procedures.

Answer 26

meta-analysis, combines

Question 27

One of the most important reasons a meta analysis can lead to clear conclusions is that meta analytic studies focus on effect ______.

Answer 27

size

Question 28

The analysis allows ___________ of the effect sizes in diff types of studies to allow tests of hypotheses.

Answer 28

comparisons

Question 29

Psychology & other behavioral sciences have become more ________ in perspectives & practices. The behavioral sciences have started to move toward an _________ & diverse science of humanity rather than WEIRD science.

Answer 29

diverse, inclusive

Question 30

_________ described psychology’s continuing commitment as giving psychology away. Psychological research impacts areas like health, ________, and work environments.

Answer 30

Zimbardo, education

Question 31

The ____ association has made significant contributions like Multicultural Guidelines.

Answer 31

APA