Chpt 7: Asking Ppl Abt Themselves (PSY302)

Question 1

Def: survey research

Answer 1

Survey research involves using questionnaires & interviews to ask ppl to provide info abt themselves - their attitudes & beliefs, demographics, and past or intended future behaviors.Surveys enable researchers to collect data directly from participants by asking them questions.
Surveys are a common & important method of studying behavior
Survey data provides useful info for making public policy decisions.
Survey research is also important as a complement to experimental research findings.

Question 2

Def: a response set

Answer 2

A response set: a tendency to respond to survey questions from a specific perspective rather than to give answers directly related to the questions.
Includes a tendency to express agreement or disagreement with anything asked.

Question 3

Def: the social desirability response set

Answer 3

The social desirability response set: the tendency to answer questions in the way that would reflect most favorably on the respondent.

Question 4

2 potential issues with surveys

Answer 4

A response set
The social desirability response set

Question 5

Without collecting _____, we are completely dependent on _______ we might hear or letters that gradual or customers might write.

Answer 5

data, stories

Question 6

The 1st thing the researcher must do is explicitly __________ the research objectives

Answer 6

determine

Question 7

3 general types of survey questions

Answer 7

Behaviors
Attitudes & beliefs
Facts & demographics (indicating things abt themselves)

Question 8

What are some things that would make it harder to understand the question?

Answer 8

Unfamiliar technical terms
Vague or imprecise germs
Ungrammatical sentence structure
Phrasing that overloads working memory
Embedding the question with misleading info.

Question 9

What are some general rules for making questions for surveys?

Answer 9

The questions should be relatively simple
Avoid double-barreled questions:
Avoid loaded questions
Avoid phrasing questions with negatives
When you ask several questions, a respondent might employ a response set to agree or disagree with all of them.

Question 10

Def: yea-saying

Answer 10

Yea-saying: the tendency to agree consistently.

Question 11

Def: nay-saying

Answer 11

Nay-saying: the tendency to disagree consistently

Question 12

How to avoid nay and yea sayings?

Answer 12

One way to detect this is to word questions so that consistent agreement is unlikely.

Question 13

With ________ ended questions, a ________ number of response alternatives are given.

Answer 13

closed, limited

Question 14

With _________-ended questions, respondents are _______ to answer any way they like.

Answer 14

open, free

Question 15

What did Schwarz claim?

Answer 15

Schwarz claims that the 2 approaches can sometimes lead to diff conclusions.

Question 16

Def: rating scales

Answer 16

Rating scales: which assign scores along some numerical dimensions; are very common in many areas of research.

Question 17

One common type of scale assumes a middle alternative is a “_________” pt halfway between the ___________.

Answer 17

neutral, endpoints

Question 18

How to format a survey

Answer 18

Provides an attractive & professional appearance
Ensure it’s neatly typed and free from errors.
When using a particular scale format, use it consistently
Put the most interesting and important questions 1st.
Group related questions
Give the questions to a small group & have the think aloud while answering

Question 19

Pros to interviews

Answer 19

Response rates tend to be higher
The interviewer can clarify any issues to the person might have in understanding the questions
An interviewer can ask follow up questions

Question 20

Cons to interviews

Answer 20

interviewer bias
Interviewers might have expectations that can lead them to see what they are looking for in the respondents’ answers.

Question 21

Def: interviewer bias

Answer 21

Interviewer bias: the interview cna inadvertently show approval or disapproval of certain answers

Question 22

Def: a focus group

Answer 22

A focus group: an interview with a group of abt 6-10 ppl brought together for a few hours.
Questions tend to be open ended and group interaction is possible

Question 23

Def: panel study

Answer 23

In a panel study, the same sample of subjects is studied at 2(+) more pts in time.

Question 24

With proper ________ we can use info obtained from the participants who were sampled to estimate ___________ of the population as a whole.

Answer 24

sampling, characteristics

Question 25

Def: probability sampling

Answer 25

Probability sampling: each member of the population has a specified probability (chance) of being chosen.

Question 26

Def: simple random sampling

Answer 26

Simple random sampling: every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected.

Question 27

Def: stratified random sampling

Answer 27

Stratified random sampling: the population is divided into subgroups (strata), & random samples are taken from each strata.

Question 28

Def: cluster sampling

Answer 28

Cluster sampling: existing groups or geographic areas, called clusters, are identified; samples are taken from those clusters.

Question 29

Def: nonProbability sampling

Answer 29

NonProbability sampling: the probability/chance of any particular member of the population being chosen is unknown.

Question 30

Types of nonProbability sampling

Answer 30

Convenience sampling
Purposive
Snowball
Quota

Question 31

Def: convenience sampling

Answer 31

Convenience sampling: haphazard or taken them where you find them, sampling

Question 32

Def: purposive sampling

Answer 32

Purposive sampling: the sample meets the predetermined criterion.

Question 33

Def: snowball sampling

Answer 33

Snowball sampling: sampling procedure in which 1(+) current research participants recruit others to become part of the sample.

Question 34

Def: quota sampling

Answer 34

Quota sampling: the sample reflects the numerical composition of various subgroups in the population.

Question 35

Samples should be ______________

Answer 35

representative

Question 36

Def: sampling frame

Answer 36

Sampling frame: the actual population of ppl (or clusters) from which the sample is drawn.

Question 37

Def: response rate

Answer 37

Response rate: the percentage of ppl sampled who completed the survey.

Question 38

Research findings can provide important ______ even tho the data cannot be strictly _________ beyond the population defined by the sample.

Answer 38

info, generalized