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Psychology Fall Sem 2024 > 1st study guide PSY311 > Flashcards

1st study guide PSY311 Flashcards

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1
Q

Def: cognitive psych

A
  1. Branch in psychology that focuses on the mind as it relates to our behaviors.
  2. the study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates.
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2
Q

How does the textbook define what the Mind is?

A

The mind is involved in memory
The mind is a problem-solver.
The mind is used to make decision or consider possibilities
A healthy mind is associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning.
The mind is valuable, something that should be used.
Used to describe ppl who are particularly intelligent or creative.

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3
Q

Def: mind

A

A system that creates representatives of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals.

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4
Q

Cognition w/ clinical psych

A

psychological disorders impeach how info is processed & organized into prototypes within our brains

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5
Q

Cognition w/ developmental psych

A

development on cognition will affect how you think in adulthood

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6
Q

Cognition w/ neuroscience

A

looks at the human brain brain = cognition. Physiological processes that give rise to cognition

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7
Q

Cognition w/ social psych

A

individuals’ cognition in social settings. Cognition/mental processes = behavior

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8
Q

__________ behaviors -> increased _________

A

Adaptive, survival

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9
Q

Precursors -> 1800’s Germany -> Behaviors ____ Hiatus -> Cognitive __________ -> Contemporary Psychology

A

1, Revolution

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10
Q

In 1500 BCE, Ebers Papyrus mentions _________ & ___________ in Egypt

A

dementia, depression

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11
Q

In 450 BCE Protagors proposed that all judgments ________ on the perceiver rather than ________ reality in Greece.

A

depend, physical

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12
Q

In 400 BCE, Plato writes human psyche as a define ______ or _______

A

soul, mind

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13
Q

What was Donders known for?

A

uses a chronometer (or a Hipp cronoscope)
Objectively measures reaction time up to 500Hz, then to 1,000Hz
Shocks participant’s feet individually and then asks them to report which foot was shocked.
IV - know which foot will be shocked or not
DV: reaction time
Finding: knowing which food increased RT by 66ms.
Choice RT-Simple RT= time to make a decision
Not a direct observation of mental processes
But an inference abt what’s happening.
The choice reaction time task added decisions by requiring participants to 1st decide whether the left or right light was illuminated and then which button to push.

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14
Q

Why was Donders’ experiment important info for us?

A

It combines a behavioral study with a simple computational model of cognitive processes
Mental chronometry is still used even today (a lot)
Unfortunately, this method can be conflated with other simultaneous processes.
It was the 1st cognitive psychology experiment and bc it illustrates something extremely significant abt studying the mind; mind responses cannot be measured directly, but have to be inferred from behavior.
He didn’t directly measure their mind, he just measured how long they took from the reaction times

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15
Q

What was Wundt known for?

A

established the 1st psychological lab at University of Leipzig, Germany.
Developed perspective known as Structuralism.
Along with chronometry, it uses introspection.

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16
Q

Def: structuralism

A

Overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience.

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17
Q

Def: analytic introspection

A

a technique in which train participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to a stimulus or to stimuli.
Requires extensive training due to the participants’ goal to describe their experience in terms of elementary mental elements.

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18
Q

What are some downsides to analytic introspection?

A

Not objective and not reliable.

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19
Q

What was Ebbinghaus known for?

A

He was focused on memory and forgetting. Specifically, how quickly info that is learned is lost over time.
He used himself as a participant for his experiments.
Learning Phase
List of trigrams
CEP, TUL, FOM, WAZ
Considered learned when the list is recalled twice without error.
Relearning Phase
After some time, same learning procedure
Savings Score: Time of learning - Time of relearning = Savings score
Savings scores are specifically sensitive
Measures learning and forgetting
Reduction in savings provides a measure of forgetting, with smaller savings means more forgetting

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20
Q

Def: savings curve

A

shows that memory drops rapidly for the first 2 days after the initial learning & then levels off.
This is important bc it demonstrated that memory could be quantified and that functions like the savings curve can be used to describe properties of the mind.

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21
Q

What was James known for?

A

Viewed functionalism as a means of identifying psychological constructs
Rather than individual units, looked at:
Cause and effect
Prediction and control
His observations were based not on the results of experiments but instead on the observations abt the operation of his very own mind.
He focused on the nature of attention.
Cognitive topics he considered included: thinking, consciousness, attention, memory, perception, imagination, & reasoning.

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22
Q

What was Watson the Asshole known for?

A

Eliminates the mind as a topic
Why not just study behavior? Since our behavior is caused by our thoughts.
Instead, he focused on directly observable behavior
But the drawbacks of his method was:
It produced extremely variable results from person to person.
These results were difficult to verify bc they were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes.
Benefits: evidence-based research
Contributes to theories of learning/associations
Ignores “intervening” variables
Stimuli -> ?? -> behavior

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23
Q

Explain the Watson & Rayner experiment

A

Study of classical conditioning
Demonstrates that behavior can be analyzed without mentioning the mind
Stimuli -> behavior/conditional response
“Little Albert”
Watson and Rayner subjected Albert (9mon boy) to a loud noise every time a rat came close to the kid.
After a few pairings of the noise with the rat. Albert reacted to the rat by crawling away as quickly as possible.
Pair neutral stimulus with a natural event that produces a response.
White rat (NS) paired with a loud noise (UCS)
White rat + loud noise = scared which turns into: white rat = scared
NS becomes conditioned to produce a response

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24
Q

What was Buswell known for?

A

He was interested in linking our eye movements to cognitions
Constructed an eye-tracking machine with machinists at the University in Chicago
Notes that participants have very similar looking patterns
Physical characteristics draw attention
Inferring that yes, movement is a result of a cognition

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25
Q

What was Tolman known for?

A

hypothesized that animals make cognitive maps to find food
He was one of the early cognitive psychologists even if due to the fact that he used behavior to infer mental processes.
Trains rats to find food in a 4-armed maze
After learning, rats significantly improve in speed of finding food
Found the cognitive map

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26
Q

Def: cognitive map

A

a conception within the rat’s mind of the maze’s layout. Even tho the rat had prev. Being rewarded for turning right, its mental map indicated that when starting from the new location it needed to turn left instead in order to reach the food.

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27
Q

Skinner argued that kids learn language thru _______ and __________.

A

imitation, reinforcement

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28
Q

Chomsky argues that kids don’t only learn language thru imitation and reinforcement, that they have an _______ ______________ that holds across cultures.

A

inborn biological program

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29
Q

Def: cognitive revolution

A

a shift in psych from the behaviorist’s focus on stimulus-response relationship to an approach whose main focus is to understand the operation of the mind.

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30
Q

Def: scientific revolution

A

a shift from one paradigm to another.
Defined by Kuhn.

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31
Q

Def: a paradigm

A

a system of ideas that dominates science at a specific time.

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32
Q

Def: episodic memory

A

memory for events in your life (what did you do last summer?)

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33
Q

Def: semantic memory

A

part of your memory that stores facts and trivia about several different topics.

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34
Q

Def: procedural memory

A

memory for physical actions like how to ride a bike or play the violin.

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34
Q

Who produced the theory of AI?

A

McCarthy

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35
Q

Def: Neuropsychology

A

the study of the behavior of ppl with brain damage, provides insights into the functioning of different parts of the brain.

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36
Q

Def: electrophysiology

A

measures electrical responses of the nervous system, which makes it possible to listen to the activity of single nerves.

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37
Q

What’s a con with a PET scan?

A

A downside of this is that it was expensive and involved injecting radioactive tracers into someone’s bloodstream.

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38
Q

Def: sensation

A

occurs at the beginning of a sensory system.
Our way of receiving the info from the stimulus

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39
Q

Def: perception

A

conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses.

40
Q

While perception creates a ____ of our env. & helps us take ______ within it, it also plays a huge role in cognition in general too.

A

pic, action

41
Q

Def: retina

A

the structure that lines the back of the eye and contains the receptors for seeing.

42
Q

Def: receptors

A

sensory cells that take in info from the env.

43
Q

Def: transduction

A

turning info from receptor cells into electrical signals in our nervous system

44
Q

Def: attention (cognitive psych)

A

our conscious experience is based on the attention we put into incoming sensory info

45
Q

Sometimes we control where our attention goes, sometimes the _____ does.

A

env

46
Q

Def: cortical processing

A

some area of our brain dedicated to processing the info.

47
Q

It starts with your ________, its job is to determine what object is out there and creates an _________. The goal is to determine the object _______ for a specific image on the retina.

A

retina, image, responsible

48
Q

Def: viewpoint invariance

A

the same object looks different from different angles

49
Q

Scenes contain ___________info - Scenes contain a tone of objects & env. Features that make perception difficult.

A

high-level

50
Q

2 types of info used by our perceptual system

A
  1. Env energy stimulating the receptors
  2. Knowledge & expectations that the observer brings to the situation.
51
Q

Def: bottom-up processing

A

processing that begins at the bottom or beginning of the perceptual process.
Takes sensed info & brings it into the cognitive system.
From receptors to brain
Important to bring new info into our brains so that we can learn more abt it.
Also allows us to engage in top-down processing once the info is in the system.

52
Q

Def: top-down processing

A

starting from the top or end of the perceptual process.
Based on prior knowledge

53
Q

Def: speech segmentation

A

the ability to tell when one word in a convo ends & the next one begins.
Added by knowing the meanings of words, listeners also use other info to achieve segmentation

54
Q

Def: transitional probabilities

A

the likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word.

55
Q

Def: statistical learning

A

the process of learning abt transitional probabilities and abt other characteristics of language.

56
Q

Def: unconscious inference

A

our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions, or inferences, that we make abt our env.
A theory made by Helholtz.
The image on our retinas is ambiguous.

57
Q

Def: likelihood principle

A

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the image on our retina(s).

58
Q

The goal of the Gestalt perspective is to _______ how we ________ objects - but they approached the issues in a different way.

A

explain, perceive

59
Q

Gestalt is built from what?

A

Structuralism

60
Q

What are all of the Gestalt principles?

A
  1. Apparent Movement
  2. Principles of Perceptual organization
  3. Illusory contours
  4. Good continuation
  5. Similarity
61
Q

Def: Pragnanz (Simplicity)

A

objects are seen in a way to be as simple as possible.

62
Q

Def: apparent movement

A

an illusion of movement when there isn’t actual movement at all.
Gave way to the most famous Gestalt Principle - “The Whole is different than the sum of its parts.”
A conclusion that follows the fact that the perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary imaging.
Cannot be explained by sensations

63
Q

Def: principles of Perceptual organization

A

explains the way elements are grouped together to create larger objects.

64
Q

Def: Illusory Contours

A

When we assume there’s a shape there by the objects around it.

65
Q

Def: good continuation

A

when connected, smooth curving lines belong together. Lines group together to follow the smoothest path

66
Q

The idea that experience plays only a minor role in perception differs from Helmholt’s likelihood principle also differs from modern approaches of object perception which proposes that our experience with the env is a __________________ of the process of perception.

A

central component

67
Q

Def: environmental regularities

A

commonly occurring features in scenes.
Blue sky, green grass, cities that are gray/silver with tall buildings, etc.

68
Q

Def: physical regularities

A

commonly occurring physical properties.
Ex: horizontal & vertical lines are most common.
Light from above assumption

69
Q

Def: oblique effect

A

when one perceives horizontals & verticals more easily than other orientations.

70
Q

Def: semantic regularities

A

common features in specific scenes.
Created using help from scene schemas

71
Q

Def: scene schema

A

our given knowledge of what a scene typically contains.

72
Q

Def: Bayesian Inference

A

the probability of a certain outcome is caused by prior knowledge & the likelihood

73
Q

The Bayesian inference is based off of what 2 factors?

A

Prior probability & Likelihood

74
Q

Bayesian inference provides a particular procedure for _________ what might be out there, researchers have used it to develop computer-vision systems that can apply knowledge abt the env to more accurately translate the pattern of _________ on their sensors into conclusions abt our env.

A

determining, stimulation

75
Q

Our system is adapted to respond to the ________ characteristics of our env. Like orientations of objects & the direction of light.

A

physical

76
Q

Gestalt psychologists believe that principles of ________ are built in and that perception is affected by _________ but argued that built-in principles can override experience, assigning __________ processing a big role in perception.

A

organization, experience, & bottom-up

77
Q

2 processing streams in the brain: one involved with _________ objects & the other involved with _______ & ______________towards those objects.

A

perceiving, locating, & taking action

78
Q

Def: brain ablation

A

the study of the effect of removing parts of the brain in animals.

79
Q

Def: perception pathway

A

Visual cortex in the temporal lobe

80
Q

Def: action pathway

A

Pathway from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe

81
Q

What is the What pathway?

A

ventral pathway

82
Q

What is the How pathway?

A

Dorsal pathway

83
Q

Def: motion aftereffects

A

when viewing a moving object and then viewing a stationary object makes the object appear to move even when it’s not.

84
Q

Flow diagrams help us visualize mental processes. Atkins and Shiffrin’s first flow diagram was a model of what?
1. Reaction time processes
2. Reading processes
3. Eye tracking
4. our memory system

A

4

85
Q

Behaviorism has very LITTLE interesting in understanding what?
1. responses
2. behavior
3. learning
4. cognition

A

4

86
Q

The development of WHICH TECHNOLOGY fueled the cognitive revolution?
1. cell phones
2. antibiotics
3. computers
4. the printing press

A

3

87
Q

Who started the 1st psychology lab?
1. Willhelm Wundt
2. Jung
3. B.F. Skinner
4. Freud

A

1

88
Q

Skinner argued that children learning language through imitating adults and being reinforced when they say correct things. This point was countered by Chomsky. What was one of Chomsky’s main counterpoints to Skinner?
1. Kids can biologically only produce certain sounds.
2. kids are rewarded for everything they say
3. Kids will produce new sentences while learning a lanugage.
4. Kids can learn any language they are immersed in.

A

3

89
Q

Our ____-___ system processes information at the beginning of the perceptual process, bringing information into our perceptual system.
1. Bottom-up
2. Bottom-down
3. Top-up
4. Top-down

A

1

90
Q

Our _____-___ system helps us perceive by using prior knowledge, context, other information to determine what we might be looking at/hearing, etc.
1. Bottom-down
2. Bottom-up
3. Top-down
4. Top-up

A

3

91
Q

All of our senses share somethings in common, one of these is _______, the process by which information from receptor cells are transformed into electrical signals in our nervous system.
1. transduction
2. attention
3. cortical processing
4. accommodation

A

1

92
Q

The pathway in our brains that helps us recognize what object we are seeing is known as the “What” pathway. It is also known as the________.
1. Dorsal Pathway
2. Recognition pathway
3. Huh? Pathway
4. Ventral pathway

A

4

93
Q

Clara is trying to build a perception machine. One of the issues she is having is that her machine can’t tell that objects look different from different angles, even though they are the same object. Her machine is struggling with
1. hidden images
2. viewpoint invariance
3. ambiguous stimuli
4. high-level info

A

2

94
Q

T or F: Our attentional system allows us to filter out unimportant information from our environment.

A

true

95
Q

A guard knocked over and broke a large blue decorative vase. Thinking quickly, he found a similarly large, but RED vase and replaced the broken one. Lord Farquaad did not notice that the vase had changed color. This example illustrates the phenomenon of
1. Selective attention
2. change blindness
3. selective inattention
4. Stroop effect

A

2

96
Q

Feature Integration Theory says that…
1. We attend to objects as a whole with their features already integrated
2. We 1st attend to the object as a whole, then recognize the features later
3. None of these
4. We attend to features & we combine the features later of the object later

A

4

97
Q

Choosing to focus on something and ignoring the other information in your environment is called…
1. Change blindess
2. Inattentional blindness
3. The Stroop Effect
4. Selective attention

A

4

98
Q

The Stroop effect shows us that..
1. The meaning of words pulls our attention more quickly than color
2. The meaning of words & color of words pull our attention equally
3. The color of words pulls our attention more quickly than the meaning.
4. The color of words influence the meaning of words

A

2

Psychology Fall Sem 2024 (8 decks)

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