Chpt 6: LTM structure PSY311

Question 1

Def: interaction

Answer 1

refers to the fact that the diff types of memory can interact & share mechanisms.

Question 2

______ provides both an archive that we can refer to when we want to remember events from the past & a wealth of ___________ info that we are constantly consulting as we use working memory to make contact with what is happening at a particular moment.

Answer 2

LTM, background

Question 3

What did Murdock Jr. do?

Answer 3

Murdock. Jr (‘62) studied the distinction between the 2 by measuring a function that is referred to as the serial position curve.

Question 4

Def: serial position curve

Answer 4

Serial Position curve: rated by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after another.

Question 5

Explain the Rundus experiment

Answer 5

Rundus tested the primacy effect that occurs bc participants have more time to rehearse words at the beginning of the list.
Presented a list of 20 words at a rate of 1 word every 5secs, after the last word was presented, he asked the participants to write down all the words they could remember.
Asked his participants to repeat the words out loud during the 5sec intervals between words. But, not which words tho.
The dashed blue curve indicates how many times each word was repeated, and bears a striking resemblance to the 1st half of the serial position curve.
The words in the beginning of the list were rehearsal mario and were also more likely to be remembered later.

Question 6

Explain the Glanzer & Cunitz experiment

Answer 6

Glanzer & Cunitz created a serial position curve in the usual way.
Participants had to recall the words after they had counted (to prevent rehearsal & allowed time for info to be lost in STM) backwards for 30secs right after hearing the last word of the list.
Concluded that the recency effect is due to storage of recently presented items in STM.

Question 7

Def: coding

Answer 7

Coding refers to the form in which stimuli are represented.

Question 8

Explain the Wickens & co experiment

Answer 8

Wickens & co experimented on the semantic coding in STM
Participants were presented with words related to either fruits or professions.
Participants in each group listened to 3 words, counted backwards for 13secs, and then attempted to recall the 3 words.
4 trials were done along with 3 diff words each
Note that they were using their STM to recall these words
Performance is high on trial 1 and then drops on trials 2 & 3 bc all of the words are names of professions.
But on trial 4, the names of fruits are presented bc these words are from a diff category, the proactive interference that built up as the professions were benign presented is absent, and performance increases on trial 4 which is the release from proactive interference.

Question 9

Visual coding for both STM and LTM:

Answer 9

Visual Coding: STM - being asked to remember a visual pattern you were just shown.
LTM - being asked to recall a visual image from your past.

Question 10

Auditory coding for both STM and LTM

Answer 10

Auditory coding : STM - being asked to remember a pattern of tones you heard
LTM - listening to a song in your head

Question 11

Def: Proactive interference

Answer 11

Proactive interference: the decrease in memory that occurs when prev learned info interferes with learning new info - by presenting words from the same category on a series of trials.

Question 12

Explain Sachs’ demonstration on semantic coding in our LTM

Answer 12

Sachs demonstrated semantic coding in LTM
Had participants listen to a tape recording oa passage & then measured their recognition memory to determine whether they remembered the exact working of sentence in the passage or just the general meaning of the passage

Question 13

Def: recognition memory

Answer 13

Recognition memory: the identification of a stimulus that was encountered at an earlier time.

Question 14

The combo of _________________ evidence & the result of behavioral experiments like those measuring the serial position curve, as well as the proposal of the ___________________ in which STM & LTM are represented by separate boxes, supports the idea of the separation between the 2.

Answer 14

neuropsychological, modal model

Question 15

Explain the Randanath & D’Esposito experiment on the hippocampus

Answer 15

Randanath & D’Esposito conducted an experiment on the hippocampus.
Participants were presented with stimuli as they were having their brains scanned.
Presented a face for 1 sec followed by a 7sec delay.
The test face was presented, and the participants task was to decide whether it matched the sample face.
They were presented with faces that they saw for the first time and familiar faces that they might’ve seen before.
The result indicated that the activity in the hippocampus increases as participants are holding novel faces in memory during the 7sec delay, but activity changes only a little bit for the familiar ones.
Concluded that the hippocampus is involved in maintaining novel info in memory during short delays.

Question 16

Who was the first to describe how how both episodic & semantic memories handle diff types of info, suggestd that episodic & semantic memory can be distinguished based on the type of experience associated with each?

Answer 16

Tulving

Question 17

Def: mental time travel

Answer 17

Mental time travel: the experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with events that occurred in the past.

Question 18

Car accidents can cause a loss of one’s __________ memory but still would know what happened and events in the past bc that’s more associated with _________ memories.

Answer 18

episodic, semantic

Question 19

Explain the Levine & Co experiment

Answer 19

Levine & Co did a brain imaging experiment in which they had participants keep diaries on audiotape describing everyday personal events.
When the participants later listened to these recordings while in an fMRI scanner, the recording of everyday events elicited detailed episodic autobiographical memories, while the other recordings simply reminded ppl of semantic facts.
Indicate that tho there can be overlap between activation caused by episodic & semantic memories, there are also major diffs

Question 20

Def: autobiographical memory

Answer 20

Autobiographical memory: memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic & semantic components.

Question 21

Explain the Westmacott & Moscovitch demonstration

Answer 21

Westmacott & Moscovitch showed that ppl’s knowledge abt public figures (politicians, actors, singers, etc) can include both semantic & episodic components.
They called semantic memories involving personal episodes autobiographically significant semantic memories.
When they tested ppl’s ability to remember the name of public figures, they found that recall was better for names of ppl who had higher autobiographical significance.
When episodic memory is present, semantic memory is enhanced.
But when episodic memory is absent, the advantage created by personality relevant facts vanishes.

Question 22

Not all memories in ______ are equal.

Answer 22

LTM

Question 23

Def: Familiarity (remembering)

Answer 23

Familiarity (remembering): the person seems familiar & you might remember their name, but you cannot remember any details abt specific experiences involving that individual.

Question 24

Def: recollection (remembering)

Answer 24

Recollection (remembering): remembering specific experiences related to the personal.

Question 25

Familiarity is associated with __________ memory bc it’s not associated with the circumstances under which knowledge was acquired.

Answer 25

semantic

Question 26

Recollection is associated with __________ memory bc it includes details abt what was happening when knowledge was acquired plus an awareness of the event as it was experienced in the past.

Answer 26

episodic

Question 27

Explain the Remember/Know procedure

Answer 27

Remember if the stimulus is familiar & they also remember the circumstances under which they originally encountered it.
Know if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier
Don’t know if they don’t remember stimuli at all.
This has been used in lab experiments in which participants are asked to remember lists of stimuli, & has also been used to measure ppl’s memory for actual events from their past.
This is important bc this distinguishes between the episodic components of memory & the semantic ones

Question 28

Explain the Petrician & Co experiment

Answer 28

Petrician & Co determined how ppl’s memory for public events change over time by presenting descriptions of events that had happened over a 50yr period to older adults of an average age of 63.
They were to respond know if they were familiar with the event but couldn’t recollect any personal experience or details related to media coverage of the event.
If they couldn’t remember the event at all, they are to respond don’t know how to respond.
The results indicated that memory for public events that happened within the most recent 10yrs, and memory for events that happened 40-50 yrs earlier.
Intermediate delays were also tested.
Complete forgetting increased over time. But the interesting thing is that remember responses decreased much more than known responses, meaning that memories for 40-50yrs events had lost much of their episodic character.
Illustrates the semanticization of remote memories.

Question 29

Def: Semanticization of remote memories

Answer 29

loss of episodic detail for memories of long-ago events.

Question 30

Def: Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Answer 30

states that episodic memories are extracted & recombined to construct simulations of future events.

Question 31

Explain the McDermott & Co experiment

Answer 31

McDermott & Co conducted an experiment that supports the idea that there is a connection between imagining the past & predicting our future.
Participants were asked to remember an event from the past or to imagine a similar event that might happen in the future.
They were also told to describe what they were seeing as they remembered or imagined, & to notice whether their observation was from a 1st-person perspective or in 3rd person pov watching it happen vs being in that situation mentally.
When comparing both povs, both remembered & imagined events were more likely to be seen from 3rd pov, there were slightly fewer 3rd pov for the remembered past than for the imagined future.
It was noted that the visual viewpoint of her participants’ reports shows that there are some diffs, with more below eye-level & fewer eye-level responses for the imagined future condition.
But the above eye level responses & the distances were the same.
Concluded that it’s likely that common processes are involved in both situations.

Question 32

What was the suggestion that Addic & Co made?

Answer 32

Addis & Co have suggested that maybe the main role of the episodic memory system isn’t to remember the past but to enable pl to simulate possible future scenarios in order to help anticipate future needs & guide future behaviors.

Question 33

Ppl are more likely to things abt the _______ than abt the past or the present.
This has led some researchers to suggest that one of the reasons that the mind wanders is to ______ ppl in order to plan for the future by helping create ____________ of the future from our episodic memories

Answer 33

future, aid, simulations

Question 34

Damage to our DMN (Default Mode Network) can cause issues in retrieving ________________________________

Answer 34

autobiographical memories.

Question 35

Def: explicit memories

Answer 35

memories we are aware of.

Question 36

Def: implicit memories

Answer 36

Implicit memories: memories we don’t know exist. This is diff from your unconscious memories.
Occurs when learning from experience isn’t accompanied by conscious remembering.

Question 37

Def: procedural memory/SKill memory

Answer 37

Procedural memory/Skill memory: memory for doing things that usually involve us learning skills.
The main effect of procedural memories is that they enable us to carry out skilled acts without thinking abt what we’re doing.

Question 38

Def: priming

Answer 38

Priming: happens when the presentation of one stimulus (referred to as the priming stimulus) changes the way a person responds to another stimulus (referred to as the test stimulus).

Question 39

Def: repetition priming

Answer 39

Repetition priming: occurs when the test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus.

Question 40

Repetition priming is considered _________ memory bc the priming effect can happen even tho participants might not remember the original presentation of the priming stimuli.

Answer 40

implicit

Question 41

Explain the Graf & Co experiment

Answer 41

Graf & Co tested 3 groups of participants:
Patients with a condition called Korsakoff’s syndrome, which is associated with alcohol abuse & eliminates the ability to form new long term memories.
Patients without amnesia who were under treatment for alcoholism
The 3rd group consisted of patients without amnesia who had no history of alcoholism.
Their task ws to read a 10 word list and rate how much they liked each word.
This caused participants to focus on reading the words rather than on committing the words to memory.
Tested in 1 of 2 ways:
A test of explicit memory, in which they were asked to recall the words they had read
A word completion test, which is a test of implicit memory
Participants were also asked to add a few letters to word fragments to create the 1st word that came into their mind.
The 1st group recalled fewer words than the other 2 groups.
This confirms that poor explicit memory is associated with their amnesia. But the results of the word completion test, initiated that the patient with mensa performed just as well as the controls.

Question 42

Explain the Perfect & Askew experiment

Answer 42

Perfect & Askew had participants can articles in a magazine.
Each page of print was faced by an ad, but participants were not told to pay attention to the ads.
When they were later asked to rate a number of ads on various dimensions, they gave higher ratings to the ones they had been exposed to than to other ads that they had never seen.
Qualifies as an effect of implicit memory bc when the participants were asked to indicate which ad had been presented at the beginning of the experiment, they recognized only an average of 1.8 of the original 25 ads.

Question 43

Def: propaganda effect

Answer 43

Propaganda effect: one is more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, simply bc they have been exposed to them before. This can occur even when the person is told that the statements are false when they 1st read or heard them.

Question 44

propaganda effect Involves _______ memory bc it can operate even when ppl aren’t aware that they have heard or seen a statement before, & might even have thought it was false when why 1st heard it.

Answer 44

implicit