Chatper 8 Flashcards
Cues
Pieces of info that are associated with a memory
Target memory
The piece of memory that you actually want to retrieve
Memory search
When we begin to look through our memories
Given multiple ____, we ____ other cues to retrieve a ____ memory
Cues; Retrieve; Complete
Pattern completion
When retrieving features that were not cues
Processes during and after retrieval ____ whether memories are actually what we wanted
Monitor
The study by Fernandes and Moscovitch (2000, 2003) found that retrieval on word recall was the most affected by ____ ____ tasks
Divided attention (any secondary tasks)
What makes a good memory cue?
- Relevant (ex. Encoding context, associated with meaning)
- More cues (more information about the target memory)
- Strongly associated with the target memory
What did Anderson and Pichert (1978) study show about retrieval strategy?
Participants were more likely to retrieve the items in the house that were more relevant to the perspective that they have adopted before reading
- Impact what information and how much information is retrieved
Attention is important for both ____ and ____ processes but may be a little less important at ____
encoding and retrieval; retrieval
DRM effect
In a list of semantically related words, a non presented high associate of these words is often falsely remembered
*Older adults are more susceptible to false memories
Misinformation involves ___ information about an event that can ____ memory recall and recognition.
Misleading; distort
Schema
A kind of conceptual organization that can help us encode and retrieve information
Retrieval can go wrong when it is influenced by a ____ and when that may not be correct for that ____
Schema; Situation
Brewer and Treyens (1981) had participants wait in an office, then asked about what was in an office. Participants ___ remembered ____ consistent items with an office setting that was not actually there.
Falsely; schema
Source monitoring error
When we do not correctly remember the source of a memory
Cryptomnesia
When we believe that we generated something that is actually a memory with a forgotten source
The encoding specificity effect states that…
Retrieval is more likely to be successful if the conditions at recall are similar to those that occurred at encoding
Spreading activation
Process during and after retrieval that monitors whether memories are actually what we wanted
Semantic priming
The finding that word processing is facilitated by the prior presentation of a semantically related word
Encoding specificity effect
Retrieval is more likely to be successful if the conditions at recall are similar to those that occurred at encoding
Context-dependent memory is better retrieved in similar ____ context as ____.
physical; encoding
State-dependent memory uses a person’s ____ state as context, which may be induced by a ____ (alcohol, caffeine) or other ____ processes (exercise)
Internal; drug; physiological
Mood-dependent memory
Information of any type that is learned in a mood is easier to recall in that mood
Mood-congruent memory
Information that matches that mood is easier to recall
Both mood-dependent memory and mood-congruent memory are easier to recall when information is learned in a mood becomes ____ to recall in that mood. The difference is that…
easier; mood-dependent memory affect neutral memories, while mood-congruent memory has no effect on neutral memories.
Recall
Actually drawing items out of memory and reporting them
Recognition
Saying whether you have seen an item before
Signal detection theory
Some items in memory are more active than others. While active memories will seem more familiar, different people have different thresholds at which they say an item was seen before
Hit
Corretly identifying an old item
Miss
Identifying an old item as new
False alarm
Identifying a new item as old
Correct rejection
Corretly identifying a new item
Loose criterion
Say yes to most items!
- Most old items are hist, but more new items are false alarms
Strict criterion
Say no to most items
- Few new items are false alarms, but more old items are misses
Context cues
Specify the conditions under which a target was encoded
Tip of the tongue state
An extreme form of pause, where the word takes a noticeable time to come out - although the speaker has a distinct feeling that he/she knows exactly what he/she wants to say.
Loftus and Palmer (1973) asked participants about the traffic accident they saw in the video with different adjectives. What were their findings?
Recall of the speed of car crash can be influenced by schema and may not be correct for that situation
Godden and Baddeley (1975) had participants learn words in either dry or wet environment, and had them be tested in different environments. What were their findings?
The mean number of words recalled was better when the learning environment is the same with the retrieving environment
What did the findings of Miles and Hardman (1998) suggest?
*State-dependent memory
- Retrieval was better when the physical state of studying was the same at retrieval
What did the findings of Eich, Macaulay, and Ryan (1994) suggest?
*Mood-dependent memory
- retrieval was better when mood matched encoding condition
Carla heard that one of the social media platforms she uses is going to start charging for accounts. She was really worried, and mentioned to her friend Nakia that it had been on the news. Nakia said she was misremembering, and that information came from a random post and not from an official announcement. What kind of memory error did Carla make?
Source monitoring error
