Chapter 15 Part 2

Question 1

Aging is related to general ____ of neurons (eg. Reduced brain volume) especially in the ____ lobe and ____ - areas involved in higher cognitive function and memory

Answer 1

Shrinkage; frontal; hippocampus

Question 2

Aging is associated with loss of ____ (fatty issue surrounding the neurons that normally speeds up neural impylses), ____ in number of connections among neurons and ____ of certain neurotransmitters, and also reduced ____ flow in the brain.

Answer 2

Myelination; reduction; availability; blood

Question 3

A study by Colcombe et al. (2003) found that ____ is beneficial for improving cognitive function in older adults.

Answer 3

Exercise

Question 4

Rahhal, May, and Hasher (2002) wanted to know are all sources equally difficult for older adults to remember. What did they find?

Answer 4

With voice source (perceptual info), young adults had significantly more correct responses than older adults, while with character nature (conceptual info), young and old adults did kinds of the same (~75%)

Question 5

Although older adults show ____ in both item memory and the ability to create new associations, more ____ information may resist age-based declines.

Answer 5

Deficits; Meaningful

Question 6

Hasher & Zacks (1988) proposed the inhibitory deficit hypothesis of aging, which suggests that…

Answer 6

Older adults have difficulty inhibiting task irrelevant information and tend to go on the dominant response rather than a contextually appropriate response

Question 7

What were the results of Hasher & Zacks (1988) speed of color naming in the STROOP task and what does it suggest?

Answer 7

When word and color are different, older adults took significantly longer to recognize the color of each word, which demonstrated the inhibitory deficit hypothesis of aging.

Question 8

Negative stereotypes create expectations of ____ memory in older adults, and can ____ active learning strategy in older adults, which in turn create poor ____.

Answer 8

Poor; discourage; retention

Question 9

Rahhal, Hasher, and Colcombe (2001) presented trivia statements to young and old participants that had either memory-emphasis or neutral prompts. What did they find?

Answer 9

Performance is only impaired in the older adults when memory is emphasized in the instructions

Question 10

Older adults have ____ in ____ task irrelevant responses in order to provide a more ____ relevant one. Also, ____ based on aging can have a negative impact on older adult’s memory performance based on how the task is characterized.

Answer 10

Deficits; inhibiting; contextually; stereotypes

Question 11

Spot-the-word

Answer 11

Find the real word in pairs like “rabbit-flotter”

Question 12

Speed of comprehension

Answer 12

Verify statements like “Snake crawl along the ground”

Question 13

In a study by Saxton et al. (2001), while performance of ____ ____ ____ task declined as age increased, performance of ____-____-____ tasks remained unchanged.

Answer 13

Speed of comprehension; spot-the-word

Question 14

Klooster, Tranel, and Duff (2020)

Question 15

Klooster, Tranel, and Duff (2020) compared people with amnesia (Amn) with two groups: current age-matched controls (CA) and people of the same age as when amnesia was onset (AoO). What were their results and what did it imply?

Answer 15

The current age matched CA group performed best on semantic memory tasks despite being older, which shows that semantic memory is enriched over time.

Question 16

Unlike episodic memory, ____ memory does not necessarily decline with ____. By contrast, processing ____ does decline, which slows semantic access.

Answer 16

Semantic; age; speed

Question 17

Semantic ____ is typically preserved in healthy older adults (e.g. Laver and Burke, 1993). They also continue to show improvements in ____ learning tasks (e.g. Ehsani et al., 2015).

Answer 17

Priming; procedural

Question 18

May, Hasher, and Foong (2006) studied how do circadian rhythms affect explicit and implicit memory in younger and older adults. They found that the memory score of both groups were ____ during their peak time, but ____ adults’ off-peak recall was as much as the ____ adult’s peak recall. However, when primed, both groups did ____ at their ____ time.

Answer 18

Better; younger; older; better; off-peak

Question 19

Since May, Hasher, and Foong (2006) found that performance was better at off-peak times, it suggest that circadian rhythm is different for ____ and ____ memory systems.

Answer 19

Implicit; explicit

Question 20

Older adults show ____ deficits in ____ memory systems compared to declarative systems. Specifically, they continue to show ____ in procedural memory and retain forms of ____ memory over time.

Answer 20

Fewer; no declarative; improvements; implicit