Chapter 17 Flashcards
Distinctiveness
Reers to an item or items that are different from nearby items
Distinctiveness may be derived from ____ characteristics or ____, and can involve a ____ item or a ____ of items.
physical; meaning; single; group
Von Restorff effect (1933)
A phenomenon where an item that stands out from a group of similar items is more likely to be remembered (also called the isolation effect)
In the study by Hunt and Smith (1996), word lists with ____ cue is much more likely to be recalled than ____ cue.
Unique; shared
What was the significance of the study by Chee and Goh (2018)?
They concluded that the Von Restorff effect is closely related to retrieval (but may also be present at encoding, as lecture suggests)
Mnemonics
Strategies to aid memory
Method of Loci
A mnemonic device commonly used for improving memory and learning, which involves picturing objects within a familiar physical space or mental image and using this to recall information more easily
Massen, Vaterrodt-Plunnecke, Krings, and Hilbig (2009) explored what kinds of routes are best to use for method of loci. What were their conclusions?
A commute loci (constant) is better than the house loci (variable)
De Beni, Moe and Cornoldi (1997) explored whether certain kinds of material were easier to learn with the method of loci and contrasts learning of written vs. oral material. What were their findings?
Learning of material presented orally was enhanced using the method of loci but remained the same for written material
Bower and Clark (1969) compared memory of group that used story mnemonic with group that did not. What were their results?
With story mnemonic, recall of the list of words was significantly improved
How does mnemonics improve memory?
- Meaningful encoding
- Retrieval structure
- Speed-up principle
Meaningful encoding (Kalakoski and Saariluoma, 2001)
Taxi drivers were more successful at encoding meaningful route information
Retrieval structure (Kalakoski and Saariluoma, 2001)
Route functions as an order that enhances retrieval
Speed-up principle (Kalakoski and Saariluoma, 2001)
More rapid encoding and retrieval leads to better performance
How did the Taxi drivers did in the study by Kalakoski and Saariluoma (2001)?
route order > route random > map order > map random
Memory experts can be divided into ____ and ____
Naturals; Strategists
Who was Solomon Shereshevskii?
A memory expert who had remarkable memory for numbers and other types of complex information
- also has synesthesia
Synethesia
A perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory/cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway
Because of ____, Solomon Shereshevskii was able to use these sensations to create powerful ____
synethesia; mnemonics
Prosopagnosia
Significant difficulty with face recognition
Russell, Duchaine, and Nakayama (2009) found that people make ____ errors in recognizing ____ faces relative to ____ faces
more; inverted; upright
Strategists
People who develop expertise in using specific memory strategies
- Includes memory athletes, who train to memorize information
Ericsson et al. (2017) conducted a case study of Feng Wang, two-time winner of the World Memory Championship who had previously demonstrated a digit span of 300 numbers in competition. What strategy did he use?
Memorizing numbers for all two-digit numbers, and could then combine images into interactive images that encoded four numbers
Wilding and Valentine (1994) investigated what kinds of tasks benefit from strategy. They found that, for non-strategic tasks the ____ did better, but ____ did significantly better in strategic tasks
naturals; strategists
Testing effect
Testing yourself on information is better for long-term learning than restudying information
Roediger and Karpicke (2006) compared memory for information that was repeatedly studied, tested only once, or tested three times. What did they find?
After 5 minutes the SSSS group did best, following by SSST and STTT, but a week later the STTT group performed the best
Testing is effortful and involves greater ____ of memory ____ compared to just restudying
strengthening; traces
Distributed practice: learning is better when it is done across multiple ____
sessions
____ learning is consistently higher than ____ learning in multiple lab studies, and ____ learning is also better in real world studies of workspace learning
spaced; massed; spaced
For distributed practice, sessions are most effective when they are ____-____% length of retention interval. What is one possible explaination to this phenomenon?
10; 20; testing effect may interact with it
What is one explaination that suggest distributed practice interact with testing effect?
Testing is most effective when retrieval is difficult, which also occurs at longest lags
How do we improve re-reading?
Re-read after a long gap, engage actively with the material
How do we improve flashcards?
Spend more time doing them, and do not drop items until you have successfully recalled them more than once
How do we improve highlighting?
Highlight once text has been read once, focus on text structure and organization (ex. can you make things more distinctive or meaningful in your mind)
How can we improve note-taking?
Summarize/paraphrase in notes, and review notes at a later time
