Chapter 17

Question 1

Distinctiveness

Answer 1

Reers to an item or items that are different from nearby items

Question 2

Distinctiveness may be derived from ____ characteristics or ____, and can involve a ____ item or a ____ of items.

Answer 2

physical; meaning; single; group

Question 3

Von Restorff effect (1933)

Answer 3

A phenomenon where an item that stands out from a group of similar items is more likely to be remembered (also called the isolation effect)

Question 4

In the study by Hunt and Smith (1996), word lists with ____ cue is much more likely to be recalled than ____ cue.

Answer 4

Unique; shared

Question 5

What was the significance of the study by Chee and Goh (2018)?

Answer 5

They concluded that the Von Restorff effect is closely related to retrieval (but may also be present at encoding, as lecture suggests)

Question 6

Mnemonics

Answer 6

Strategies to aid memory

Question 7

Method of Loci

Answer 7

A mnemonic device commonly used for improving memory and learning, which involves picturing objects within a familiar physical space or mental image and using this to recall information more easily

Question 8

Massen, Vaterrodt-Plunnecke, Krings, and Hilbig (2009) explored what kinds of routes are best to use for method of loci. What were their conclusions?

Answer 8

A commute loci (constant) is better than the house loci (variable)

Question 9

De Beni, Moe and Cornoldi (1997) explored whether certain kinds of material were easier to learn with the method of loci and contrasts learning of written vs. oral material. What were their findings?

Answer 9

Learning of material presented orally was enhanced using the method of loci but remained the same for written material

Question 10

Bower and Clark (1969) compared memory of group that used story mnemonic with group that did not. What were their results?

Answer 10

With story mnemonic, recall of the list of words was significantly improved

Question 11

How does mnemonics improve memory?

Answer 11

1. Meaningful encoding
2. Retrieval structure
3. Speed-up principle

Question 12

Meaningful encoding (Kalakoski and Saariluoma, 2001)

Answer 12

Taxi drivers were more successful at encoding meaningful route information

Question 13

Retrieval structure (Kalakoski and Saariluoma, 2001)

Answer 13

Route functions as an order that enhances retrieval

Question 14

Speed-up principle (Kalakoski and Saariluoma, 2001)

Answer 14

More rapid encoding and retrieval leads to better performance

Question 15

How did the Taxi drivers did in the study by Kalakoski and Saariluoma (2001)?

Answer 15

route order > route random > map order > map random

Question 16

Memory experts can be divided into ____ and ____

Answer 16

Naturals; Strategists

Question 17

Who was Solomon Shereshevskii?

Answer 17

A memory expert who had remarkable memory for numbers and other types of complex information
- also has synesthesia

Question 18

Synethesia

Answer 18

A perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory/cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

Question 19

Because of ____, Solomon Shereshevskii was able to use these sensations to create powerful ____

Answer 19

synethesia; mnemonics

Question 20

Prosopagnosia

Answer 20

Significant difficulty with face recognition

Question 21

Russell, Duchaine, and Nakayama (2009) found that people make ____ errors in recognizing ____ faces relative to ____ faces

Answer 21

more; inverted; upright

Question 22

Strategists

Answer 22

People who develop expertise in using specific memory strategies
- Includes memory athletes, who train to memorize information

Question 23

Ericsson et al. (2017) conducted a case study of Feng Wang, two-time winner of the World Memory Championship who had previously demonstrated a digit span of 300 numbers in competition. What strategy did he use?

Answer 23

Memorizing numbers for all two-digit numbers, and could then combine images into interactive images that encoded four numbers

Question 24

Wilding and Valentine (1994) investigated what kinds of tasks benefit from strategy. They found that, for non-strategic tasks the ____ did better, but ____ did significantly better in strategic tasks

Answer 24

naturals; strategists

Question 25

Testing effect

Answer 25

Testing yourself on information is better for long-term learning than restudying information

Question 26

Roediger and Karpicke (2006) compared memory for information that was repeatedly studied, tested only once, or tested three times. What did they find?

Answer 26

After 5 minutes the SSSS group did best, following by SSST and STTT, but a week later the STTT group performed the best

Question 27

Testing is effortful and involves greater ____ of memory ____ compared to just restudying

Answer 27

strengthening; traces

Question 28

Distributed practice: learning is better when it is done across multiple ____

Answer 28

sessions

Question 29

____ learning is consistently higher than ____ learning in multiple lab studies, and ____ learning is also better in real world studies of workspace learning

Answer 29

spaced; massed; spaced

Question 30

For distributed practice, sessions are most effective when they are ____-____% length of retention interval. What is one possible explaination to this phenomenon?

Answer 30

10; 20; testing effect may interact with it

Question 31

What is one explaination that suggest distributed practice interact with testing effect?

Answer 31

Testing is most effective when retrieval is difficult, which also occurs at longest lags

Question 32

How do we improve re-reading?

Answer 32

Re-read after a long gap, engage actively with the material

Question 33

How do we improve flashcards?

Answer 33

Spend more time doing them, and do not drop items until you have successfully recalled them more than once

Question 34

How do we improve highlighting?

Answer 34

Highlight once text has been read once, focus on text structure and organization (ex. can you make things more distinctive or meaningful in your mind)

Question 35

How can we improve note-taking?

Answer 35

Summarize/paraphrase in notes, and review notes at a later time