Chapter 6 Flashcards
Dual-coding hypothesis
Items that are easy to visualize are encoded as images and words, and are therefore easier to retrieve
Depth of processing
Information can be processed on a variety of levels, from the most basic (visual form), to phonology (sounds), to the deepest level (semantic meaning). Overall, experimental work supports the idea that deeper encoding improves memory.
Transfer-appropriate processing
Proposal that retention is best when the mode of encoding and mode of retrieval are the same
Incidental learning
Learning situation in which the learner is unaware that a test will occur
Intentional learning
Learning when the learner knows that there will be a test of retention
Maintenance rehearsal
A process of rehearsal whereby items are “kept in mind” but not processed more deeply.
Elaborative rehearsal
Process whereby items are not simply kept in mind but are processed either more deeply or more elaborately.
Encoding is a process by which…
Information is moved from short-term memory into long-term memory
Mere exposure effect
Just being exposed to something more makes you like it more
Cryptomnesia
Think creating something new but recalling something similar and seen before
Schema
Long-term structured knowledge used to make sense of new material and subsequently store and recall it
Eagle and Leiter (1964) compared an intentional learning group with an incidental learning group. They found that ____ was better at recall, while ____ was better at recognition.
Intentional; incidental
What did the finding of Eagle and Leiter (1964) suggest about the benefit of recall?
Benefit of recall is likely the result of deliberate encoding strategies; otherwise, the right orienting task may benefit learning more for everyone in some situations
Sulin and Dooling (1974) presented people with the same stody about a dictator but only swapped the name. What does their work suggest?
That schema-driven errors are more likely at longer delays because schematic information is more durable than recognition or rote recall.
In the Craik and Tulving (1975) study, what did they find about the levels of processing?
Deeper processing produced higher proportion of words recognized
(Semantic processing (sentence) > Acoustic processing (rhyme) > stuctural processing (case))
According to Craik and Lockhart (1972), information can be processed on a variety of levels, from the most basic (____), to ____ (sounds), to the deepest level (____ meaning)
visual; phonology, semantic
What was the finding of the study by Morris, Bransford, and Franks (1977)?
The mode of encoding corresponds with a higher recognition rate using the same mode of retrieval
Broadbent, Cooper, and Broadbent (1978) presented words either with or without visual organization, and performance was significantly better ____ organization.
With
Chase and Ericsson (1981) trained a student to increase digit span by presenting sequences of numbers, with which the student used extensive knowledge of running times to create chunks. What was their result?
At the end, the student could recall sequences of up to 80 digits in exact order of presentation
The study by May, Hasher, and Stolzfus (1993) suggests that, compared to ____ adults, ____ adults performed better in the memory test in the morning.
younger; older
The study by Glenberg, Smith, and Green (1977) suggests that ____ ____ alone was insufficient to improve ____ performance
maintenance rehearsal; recall
The levels of processing approach states that…
deeper processing of material usually leads to better retention.
Researchers find that participants are more likely to buy products that they have seen many ads for, as opposed to produces they have seen fewer ads for. This is most likely an example of:
The mere exposure effect
