Chapter 6

Question 1

Dual-coding hypothesis

Answer 1

Items that are easy to visualize are encoded as images and words, and are therefore easier to retrieve

Question 2

Depth of processing

Answer 2

Information can be processed on a variety of levels, from the most basic (visual form), to phonology (sounds), to the deepest level (semantic meaning). Overall, experimental work supports the idea that deeper encoding improves memory.

Question 3

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 3

Proposal that retention is best when the mode of encoding and mode of retrieval are the same

Question 4

Incidental learning

Answer 4

Learning situation in which the learner is unaware that a test will occur

Question 5

Intentional learning

Answer 5

Learning when the learner knows that there will be a test of retention

Question 6

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 6

A process of rehearsal whereby items are “kept in mind” but not processed more deeply.

Question 7

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 7

Process whereby items are not simply kept in mind but are processed either more deeply or more elaborately.

Question 8

Encoding is a process by which…

Answer 8

Information is moved from short-term memory into long-term memory

Question 9

Mere exposure effect

Answer 9

Just being exposed to something more makes you like it more

Question 10

Cryptomnesia

Answer 10

Think creating something new but recalling something similar and seen before

Question 11

Schema

Answer 11

Long-term structured knowledge used to make sense of new material and subsequently store and recall it

Question 12

Eagle and Leiter (1964) compared an intentional learning group with an incidental learning group. They found that ____ was better at recall, while ____ was better at recognition.

Answer 12

Intentional; incidental

Question 13

What did the finding of Eagle and Leiter (1964) suggest about the benefit of recall?

Answer 13

Benefit of recall is likely the result of deliberate encoding strategies; otherwise, the right orienting task may benefit learning more for everyone in some situations

Question 14

Sulin and Dooling (1974) presented people with the same stody about a dictator but only swapped the name. What does their work suggest?

Answer 14

That schema-driven errors are more likely at longer delays because schematic information is more durable than recognition or rote recall.

Question 15

In the Craik and Tulving (1975) study, what did they find about the levels of processing?

Answer 15

Deeper processing produced higher proportion of words recognized
(Semantic processing (sentence) > Acoustic processing (rhyme) > stuctural processing (case))

Question 16

According to Craik and Lockhart (1972), information can be processed on a variety of levels, from the most basic (____), to ____ (sounds), to the deepest level (____ meaning)

Answer 16

visual; phonology, semantic

Question 17

What was the finding of the study by Morris, Bransford, and Franks (1977)?

Answer 17

The mode of encoding corresponds with a higher recognition rate using the same mode of retrieval

Question 18

Broadbent, Cooper, and Broadbent (1978) presented words either with or without visual organization, and performance was significantly better ____ organization.

Answer 18

With

Question 19

Chase and Ericsson (1981) trained a student to increase digit span by presenting sequences of numbers, with which the student used extensive knowledge of running times to create chunks. What was their result?

Answer 19

At the end, the student could recall sequences of up to 80 digits in exact order of presentation

Question 20

The study by May, Hasher, and Stolzfus (1993) suggests that, compared to ____ adults, ____ adults performed better in the memory test in the morning.

Answer 20

younger; older

Question 21

The study by Glenberg, Smith, and Green (1977) suggests that ____ ____ alone was insufficient to improve ____ performance

Answer 21

maintenance rehearsal; recall

Question 22

The levels of processing approach states that…

Answer 22

deeper processing of material usually leads to better retention.

Question 23

Researchers find that participants are more likely to buy products that they have seen many ads for, as opposed to produces they have seen fewer ads for. This is most likely an example of:

Answer 23

The mere exposure effect