Chapter 12

Question 1

Inattentional blindness

Answer 1

The failure to perceive the appearance of an unexpected object in the visual environment

Question 2

Change blindness

Answer 2

Failure to notice changes to an object or a scene

Question 3

Change blindness blindness

Answer 3

Individual’s exaggerated belief that they can detect visual changes and so avoid change blindness

Question 4

Confirmation bias

Answer 4

Distortions of memory caused by the influence of expectations concerning what is likely to have happened

Question 5

Misinformation effect

Answer 5

The distorting effect on eyewitness memory of misleading information presented after a crime or other event

Question 6

Weapon focus

Answer 6

The finding that eyewitnesses have poor memory for details of a crime event because they focus their attention on the culprit’s weapon

Question 7

Own-age bias

Answer 7

The tendency for eyewitnesses to identify individuals of the same age as themselves more accurately than those much older or younger

Question 8

Super-recognizers

Answer 8

Individuals having an outstanding ability to recognize human faces

Question 9

Conscious transference

Answer 9

The tendency of eyewitnesses to misidentify a familiar (but innocent) face as belonging to the culprit

Question 10

Verbal overshadowing effect

Answer 10

The reduction in recognition memory for faces that often occurs when eyewitnesses provide verbal descriptions of those faces before the recognition-memory test

Question 11

Other-race effect

Answer 11

The finding that recognition memory for same-race faces is generally more accurate than for other-race faces

Question 12

Dud effect

Answer 12

An eyewitness’s increased confidence in his/her mistakes when the lineup includes individuals very dissimilar to the culprit

Question 13

Simultaneous lineups provide a ____ probability of identifying the culprit but often make it more likely that an ____ individual will be misidentified as the culprit

Answer 13

Greater; innocent

Question 14

Eyewitness memory

Answer 14

Recollections about a crime or other incident, plays a central role in investigation and prosecution
- May involve recounting events and identifying individuals as a perpetrator
- Considered accurate by both the general public and judges

Question 15

The study by Lindholm and Christianson (1998) showed that that our biases and expectations about crimes affect our memory and may influence who we identify as the perpetrator. This demonstrates the ____ ____.

Answer 15

Confirmation bias

Question 16

Tuckey and Brewer (2003) studied how schemas about crimes affect our interpretation of ambiguous stimuli. They found that there are more correct responses in ____ condition, and more schemas intrusions in ____ condition.

Answer 16

Unambiguous; ambiguous

Question 17

Lindsay, Allen, Chan, and Dahl (2004) wanted to know can previous narratives affect memory for a current event. They had participants hear a story, then watched a video clip of a burglary. What were their results?

Answer 17

Participants who heard story about another burglary had drastically higher proportion of false recall than participants who heard story about a field trip.

Question 18

Under lab conditions, face identification is consistently less accurate under ____. Stress also ____ ability to perceive details and encode context. However, it may reduce the ____ ____.

Answer 18

Stress; reduces; misinformation effect

Question 19

Biggs, Brockmole, and Witt (2013) had participants viewed actors holding either a weapon or a neutral object. They found that…

Answer 19

When there is a weapon, participants spent more time looking at the weapon and less time at the faces.

Question 20

Humans are experts at face processing. Newborns already show a ____ for ____-heavy ____-like shapes (Macchi, Turati, and Simion, 2004), while adults have ____-____ processing ares due to expertise (Kanwisher et al., 1997; Burns et al. 2019).

Answer 20

Preference; top; face; face-specific

Question 21

Bruce et al. (1999) asked participants to match a video of a person with the picture of that person, filmed on the same day. What was their findings?

Answer 21

• About 65% correctly matched
• Worse when viewpoints of the picture and video were different
• Watching a longer video DIDN’T help
• Performance for unfamiliar faces is low even under ideal circumstances

Question 22

The study by Davis, Loftus, Vanous, and Cucciare (2008) demonstrated the ____ ____ effect, where ____ bystander could be selected as the perpetrator (~26% of the time.)

Answer 22

Unconscious transference; innocent

Question 23

Wilson, Seale-Carlisle and Mickes (2018) Studied what factors tend to cause ____ ____. They had half of the participants describe the perpetrator in the video and half did not. They found that…

Answer 23

Verbal overshadowing; If description of face was obtained immediately there is no effect of discriminability. However, after 20min delay, discriminability was worse for group that gave description — People rely less on specific details because they have been forgotten over time.

Question 24

Gabbert, Hope, Fisher, and Jamieson (2012) showed bank robbery, some immediately recall events, and after a week, all participants received information before recall. What were their findings?

Answer 24

Immediate recall group were more resistant to misinformation and thus helps protect memory traces.

Question 25

Geiselman, Fisher, Mackinnon, and Holland (1985) suggested that ____ ____ (or aspects of it) could improve eyewitness testimony. What are the 4 aspects?

Answer 25

Cognitive interviewing
1. Mental reinstatement of environment
2. Encourage reporting of every detail
3. Describe incident in multiple orders
4. Report incident from multiple viewpoints

Question 26

Effects of cognitive interviewing include small ____ in the number of ____ details, but it was also shown that ____ ____ and detail recall can ____ memory.

Answer 26

Increase; incorrect; mental reinstatement; enhance

Question 27

Jones, Dwyer, and Lewis (2017) studied how can we improve identifications and lineups. What were their findings?

Answer 27

Viewing a face from multiple angles improve recognition.

Question 28

Charman, Wells, and Joy (2011) studied what type of lineup is more effective, and they ran into the ____ ____, which is the effect when…

Answer 28

Dud effect; when lineups contain individuals who are very different from each other, people are more confident in their mistaken identifications

Question 29

In the Wells, Steblay, and Dysart (2015) study, they found that innocent people were identified more often with ____ lineups, while there were more “not sure” responses with ____ lineups.

Answer 29

Simultaneous (all pictures shown at once); sequential (pictures are shown one at a time)

Question 30

Wixted et al. (2016) found that performance was slightly better with ____ lineups.

Answer 30

Simultaneous