Chapter 12 Flashcards
Inattentional blindness
The failure to perceive the appearance of an unexpected object in the visual environment
Change blindness
Failure to notice changes to an object or a scene
Change blindness blindness
Individual’s exaggerated belief that they can detect visual changes and so avoid change blindness
Confirmation bias
Distortions of memory caused by the influence of expectations concerning what is likely to have happened
Misinformation effect
The distorting effect on eyewitness memory of misleading information presented after a crime or other event
Weapon focus
The finding that eyewitnesses have poor memory for details of a crime event because they focus their attention on the culprit’s weapon
Own-age bias
The tendency for eyewitnesses to identify individuals of the same age as themselves more accurately than those much older or younger
Super-recognizers
Individuals having an outstanding ability to recognize human faces
Conscious transference
The tendency of eyewitnesses to misidentify a familiar (but innocent) face as belonging to the culprit
Verbal overshadowing effect
The reduction in recognition memory for faces that often occurs when eyewitnesses provide verbal descriptions of those faces before the recognition-memory test
Other-race effect
The finding that recognition memory for same-race faces is generally more accurate than for other-race faces
Dud effect
An eyewitness’s increased confidence in his/her mistakes when the lineup includes individuals very dissimilar to the culprit
Simultaneous lineups provide a ____ probability of identifying the culprit but often make it more likely that an ____ individual will be misidentified as the culprit
Greater; innocent
Eyewitness memory
Recollections about a crime or other incident, plays a central role in investigation and prosecution
- May involve recounting events and identifying individuals as a perpetrator
- Considered accurate by both the general public and judges
The study by Lindholm and Christianson (1998) showed that that our biases and expectations about crimes affect our memory and may influence who we identify as the perpetrator. This demonstrates the ____ ____.
Confirmation bias
Tuckey and Brewer (2003) studied how schemas about crimes affect our interpretation of ambiguous stimuli. They found that there are more correct responses in ____ condition, and more schemas intrusions in ____ condition.
Unambiguous; ambiguous
Lindsay, Allen, Chan, and Dahl (2004) wanted to know can previous narratives affect memory for a current event. They had participants hear a story, then watched a video clip of a burglary. What were their results?
Participants who heard story about another burglary had drastically higher proportion of false recall than participants who heard story about a field trip.
Under lab conditions, face identification is consistently less accurate under ____. Stress also ____ ability to perceive details and encode context. However, it may reduce the ____ ____.
Stress; reduces; misinformation effect
Biggs, Brockmole, and Witt (2013) had participants viewed actors holding either a weapon or a neutral object. They found that…
When there is a weapon, participants spent more time looking at the weapon and less time at the faces.
Humans are experts at face processing. Newborns already show a ____ for ____-heavy ____-like shapes (Macchi, Turati, and Simion, 2004), while adults have ____-____ processing ares due to expertise (Kanwisher et al., 1997; Burns et al. 2019).
Preference; top; face; face-specific
Bruce et al. (1999) asked participants to match a video of a person with the picture of that person, filmed on the same day. What was their findings?
- About 65% correctly matched
- Worse when viewpoints of the picture and video were different
- Watching a longer video DIDN’T help
- Performance for unfamiliar faces is low even under ideal circumstances
The study by Davis, Loftus, Vanous, and Cucciare (2008) demonstrated the ____ ____ effect, where ____ bystander could be selected as the perpetrator (~26% of the time.)
Unconscious transference; innocent
Wilson, Seale-Carlisle and Mickes (2018) Studied what factors tend to cause ____ ____. They had half of the participants describe the perpetrator in the video and half did not. They found that…
Verbal overshadowing; If description of face was obtained immediately there is no effect of discriminability. However, after 20min delay, discriminability was worse for group that gave description — People rely less on specific details because they have been forgotten over time.
Gabbert, Hope, Fisher, and Jamieson (2012) showed bank robbery, some immediately recall events, and after a week, all participants received information before recall. What were their findings?
Immediate recall group were more resistant to misinformation and thus helps protect memory traces.
Geiselman, Fisher, Mackinnon, and Holland (1985) suggested that ____ ____ (or aspects of it) could improve eyewitness testimony. What are the 4 aspects?
Cognitive interviewing
1. Mental reinstatement of environment
2. Encourage reporting of every detail
3. Describe incident in multiple orders
4. Report incident from multiple viewpoints
Effects of cognitive interviewing include small ____ in the number of ____ details, but it was also shown that ____ ____ and detail recall can ____ memory.
Increase; incorrect; mental reinstatement; enhance
Jones, Dwyer, and Lewis (2017) studied how can we improve identifications and lineups. What were their findings?
Viewing a face from multiple angles improve recognition.
Charman, Wells, and Joy (2011) studied what type of lineup is more effective, and they ran into the ____ ____, which is the effect when…
Dud effect; when lineups contain individuals who are very different from each other, people are more confident in their mistaken identifications
In the Wells, Steblay, and Dysart (2015) study, they found that innocent people were identified more often with ____ lineups, while there were more “not sure” responses with ____ lineups.
Simultaneous (all pictures shown at once); sequential (pictures are shown one at a time)
Wixted et al. (2016) found that performance was slightly better with ____ lineups.
Simultaneous
