Chapter 9

Question 1

Incidental forgetting

Answer 1

Forgetting that occurs without the intention to forget

Question 2

Motivated forgetting

Answer 2

Occurs when people purposefully engage in processes/behaviors that intentionally diminish a memory’s accessibility

Question 3

Forgetting curve

Answer 3

A rapid rate of forgetting initially; less aditional forgetting at longer delays

Question 4

Accessibility

Answer 4

Whether the memory can be retrieved, given that it is stored

Question 5

Availability

Answer 5

Whether or not an item is in the memory store

Question 6

Consolidation

Answer 6

Time-dependent process by which a new trace of information is gradually woven into the fabric of memory and by which its components and their interconnections are cemented

Question 7

Reconsolidation

Answer 7

The process by which a consolidated memory restabilizes again after being reactivated by reminders. During its window, a memory is vulnerable to disruption.

Question 8

Interference

Answer 8

The assumption that any negative effect on memory arise from having competitors that may share similar retrieval cues

Question 9

Trace decay

Answer 9

The gradual weakening of memories resulting from the mere passage of time

Question 10

Retroactice interference

Answer 10

The tendency for newer memories to interfere with retrieval of older memories

Question 11

Proactive interference

Answer 11

The tendency for older memories to interfere with retrieval of mroe recent experiences

Question 12

Retieval-induced forgetting

Answer 12

Selective retrieval harm recall of other memories related to the retrieved item and baseline items; suggests forgetting is adaptive to what is important based on retrieval practice

Question 13

Inhibition (in retrieval-induced forgetting)

Answer 13

Making an item more difficult (but not impossible) to retrieve

Question 14

Retrieval practice paradigm (in retrieval-induced forgetting)

Answer 14

Retrieval cue -> target/competitor thing

Question 15

Jost’s Law (1897)

Answer 15

If two memories are of equal strength but of different age, the older one diminishes less over time
- Consistent with power-law of forgetting
-Forgetting becomes less over time because of consolidation

Question 16

Ribot’s Law (1881)

Answer 16

Newly formed memories are more vulnerable to forgetting processes than older memories; thought to be caused by insuggicient time for the memories to consolidate

Question 17

In the study by Carpenter, Pashler, Wixted, and Vul (2008), they found that ____ decreases the rate of ____

Answer 17

Testing; forgetting

Question 18

In the study by Tulving, Schacter, and Stark (1982), tests of ____ memory (e.g. fragment completion) reveal ____ forgetting

Answer 18

implicit; slower

Question 19

Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924)

Question 20

Keppel & Underwood (1962) found ____ difference in ____ at 3s and 18s on a first ____-____ trial, but the performance worsened each trial after that: the ____ retention interval, the ____ proportion correct

Answer 20

no; retention; Brown-Peterson; longer; less

Question 21

Last year, Emma lived on the west side of the town. This year, she lives on the east side of the town, but she finds that she can only remember how to get places from her old apratment and not her new one. What process is affecting her memory?

Answer 21

Proactive interference

Question 22

Andres and Zoe are learning lists of words. Both of them see the words three times, but Andres’ sessions are 14 days apart, and Zoe’s sessions are 56 days apart. One month later, they both take a memory test. Whose performance will be better?

Answer 22

Zoe, because longer spacing between sessions makes learning more rapid.