Chapter 16 Flashcards
Amnesia
A specific, sudden loss of memory functions that may not include other significant cognitive deficits
Dementia
A slow loss of cognitive skills due to a disease process, which includes loss of memory
Anterograde amnesia
Difficulty creating new memories
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of access to events that occurred in the past
Dementia is most common in ____ disease, which accounts for over 50% of all dementia cases
Alzheimer’s
Retrograde amnesia is often ____-graded, which means…
Temporally; old memories (from further in the past) are more likely to be preserved while more recent memories (closer to the time of injury/event) are more likely to be lost.
What does the study by Beatty et al. illustrated that the rate of correct response of ____-____ ____ (M.R.L.) participants ____ significantly over the decades while it stayed roughly the same for ____ participants.
memory-retrieval limited; dropped; control
In patients with retrograde amnesia, events can be assessed using “____ ____”: recalled from different periods of life with ____ that reference common ____, and then evaluated for ____ and ____, a method resistant to ____
autobiographical interview; prompts; experiences; specificity; detail; confabulation
In the study by Kopelman, Wilson, and Baddeley (1990), the mean score of ____ ____ memory and ____ incidents for amnesic patients ____ as the events gets more ____ compared to more early in life, which is the opposite to healthy controls
personal semantic; autobiographical; decreased; recent
Graf, Squire, and Mandler (1984) tested memory in multiple groups with amnesia using ____ and ____ tasks, and made them complete either a ____ or a word ____ test. They found that…
shallow (decide whether pais of words shared a vowel); deep (each word was rated based on how much the participant liked it); recall; completion; deep tasks yielded more response than shallow tasks, while word completion tests yielded more responses on average
Cohen and Squire (1980) taught a group of people with amnesia to read mirror writing. They found that ____ groups show learning of backward reading skill, but ____ groups showed very ____ memory for items.
all; amnesic; little
characteristics of Post-Traumatic amnesia
- Difficulty forming memories after a head injury
- Recover sequence: personal knowledge > place > time
- Estimates of time may be incorrect by up to five years; error becomes smaller over course of recovery
- Can also be seen after head injuries that do not cause a loss of consciousness
In the study by Yarnell and Lynch (1970), ____ American football players could remember play that resulted in tackle initially, but between ____ and ____ minutes later, players experienced ____
dazed; three; twenty; amnesia
Retrograde amnesia can be explained by a lack of ____
consolidation
older memories become more stable and resistant to disruption over time as they are transferred from short-term storage in the hippocampus to long-term storage in other parts of the brain, such as the neocortex
People with ____ amnesia lack the neural systems required to ____ memories, while ____ ____ ____ (TBI) could also prevent successful ____ in long-term memory
hippocampal; consolidate; traumatic brain injury; consolidation
“Classic” pattern of anterograde amnesia
good intellectual functioning except on tests of episodic memory
Konkel, Warren, Duff, Tranel, and Cohen (2008) tested people with amnesia on item, spatial, associative, and sequential memory. What were the performance of participants?
*Consult instructor for clarification (page 26)
Hippocampal damage participants: Item > Spatial ≈ Sequence ≈ Associative
Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) damage participants: Associative>Sequence>Item>Spatial
Corkin (1968) compared the performance of Patient H.M. to typical controls on rotary pursuit task. He found that normal control subjects ____ mean time on target, while Patient H.M. had…
increased; significantly less improvements than control subjects
K.J. was a company director who had meningitis and subsequently a very poor ____ memory. However, other functions such as intelligence, ____ memory, and vocabulary and ability to ____ sentences were remarkably ____. His ____-term memory was also unharmed. However, only ____ effect and no ____ effect was observed on STM task.
episodic; semantic, process; intact; short; recency; primacy
Fronto-temporal dementia
Deterioration begins in frontal lobes, leads to impulsivity and difficulty sequencing events
Semantic dementia
Specific deterioration to temporal areas responsible for semantic memory
Dementia prevalence has been ____ over the decades
decreasing
Alzheimer’s disease typically begins in the ____ ____ ____ (MTL), and then progresses to the rest of the brain. It always involves an ____ memory deficit and other ____ functions.
medial temporal lobes; episodic; cognitive
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in episodic memory includes…
getting lost, repeating questions, memory loss
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in semantic memory includes…
imparied word retrieval
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in working memory includes…
difficulty with multi-step processes
Kopelman (1985) had adults with Alzheimer’s disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome, of typical controls to complete a memory task using picture recognition. Forgetting was then tested several days later. What were the results?
Retention rate: Controls > Korsakoff’s > Alzheimer’s
Forgotten rate: Same across the three groups
Baddeley, Logie, Bressi, Della Sala, and Spinnler (1986) compared performance of young adults, older adults, and people with Alzherimer’s disease. They found that ____ ____ group are ____ under dual task conditions.
Alzheimer’s disease; worse
Patients with Alzhermer’s disease acquire the pursuit rotor task about as quickly as ____ (Heindel et al., 1989), and that ____ is somewhat intact, but no longer appears on tasks like ____ completion (Fleischman et al., 1993)
controls; priming; stem
