Chapter 16

Question 1

Amnesia

Answer 1

A specific, sudden loss of memory functions that may not include other significant cognitive deficits

Question 2

Dementia

Answer 2

A slow loss of cognitive skills due to a disease process, which includes loss of memory

Question 3

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 3

Difficulty creating new memories

Question 4

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 4

Loss of access to events that occurred in the past

Question 5

Dementia is most common in ____ disease, which accounts for over 50% of all dementia cases

Answer 5

Alzheimer’s

Question 6

Retrograde amnesia is often ____-graded, which means…

Answer 6

Temporally; old memories (from further in the past) are more likely to be preserved while more recent memories (closer to the time of injury/event) are more likely to be lost.

Question 7

What does the study by Beatty et al. illustrated that the rate of correct response of ____-____ ____ (M.R.L.) participants ____ significantly over the decades while it stayed roughly the same for ____ participants.

Answer 7

memory-retrieval limited; dropped; control

Question 8

In patients with retrograde amnesia, events can be assessed using “____ ____”: recalled from different periods of life with ____ that reference common ____, and then evaluated for ____ and ____, a method resistant to ____

Answer 8

autobiographical interview; prompts; experiences; specificity; detail; confabulation

Question 9

In the study by Kopelman, Wilson, and Baddeley (1990), the mean score of ____ ____ memory and ____ incidents for amnesic patients ____ as the events gets more ____ compared to more early in life, which is the opposite to healthy controls

Answer 9

personal semantic; autobiographical; decreased; recent

Question 10

Graf, Squire, and Mandler (1984) tested memory in multiple groups with amnesia using ____ and ____ tasks, and made them complete either a ____ or a word ____ test. They found that…

Answer 10

shallow (decide whether pais of words shared a vowel); deep (each word was rated based on how much the participant liked it); recall; completion; deep tasks yielded more response than shallow tasks, while word completion tests yielded more responses on average

Question 11

Cohen and Squire (1980) taught a group of people with amnesia to read mirror writing. They found that ____ groups show learning of backward reading skill, but ____ groups showed very ____ memory for items.

Answer 11

all; amnesic; little

Question 12

characteristics of Post-Traumatic amnesia

Answer 12

• Difficulty forming memories after a head injury
• Recover sequence: personal knowledge > place > time
• Estimates of time may be incorrect by up to five years; error becomes smaller over course of recovery
• Can also be seen after head injuries that do not cause a loss of consciousness

Question 13

In the study by Yarnell and Lynch (1970), ____ American football players could remember play that resulted in tackle initially, but between ____ and ____ minutes later, players experienced ____

Answer 13

dazed; three; twenty; amnesia

Question 14

Retrograde amnesia can be explained by a lack of ____

Answer 14

consolidation

older memories become more stable and resistant to disruption over time as they are transferred from short-term storage in the hippocampus to long-term storage in other parts of the brain, such as the neocortex

Question 15

People with ____ amnesia lack the neural systems required to ____ memories, while ____ ____ ____ (TBI) could also prevent successful ____ in long-term memory

Answer 15

hippocampal; consolidate; traumatic brain injury; consolidation

Question 16

“Classic” pattern of anterograde amnesia

Answer 16

good intellectual functioning except on tests of episodic memory

Question 17

Konkel, Warren, Duff, Tranel, and Cohen (2008) tested people with amnesia on item, spatial, associative, and sequential memory. What were the performance of participants?
*Consult instructor for clarification (page 26)

Answer 17

Hippocampal damage participants: Item > Spatial ≈ Sequence ≈ Associative
Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) damage participants: Associative>Sequence>Item>Spatial

Question 18

Corkin (1968) compared the performance of Patient H.M. to typical controls on rotary pursuit task. He found that normal control subjects ____ mean time on target, while Patient H.M. had…

Answer 18

increased; significantly less improvements than control subjects

Question 19

K.J. was a company director who had meningitis and subsequently a very poor ____ memory. However, other functions such as intelligence, ____ memory, and vocabulary and ability to ____ sentences were remarkably ____. His ____-term memory was also unharmed. However, only ____ effect and no ____ effect was observed on STM task.

Answer 19

episodic; semantic, process; intact; short; recency; primacy

Question 20

Fronto-temporal dementia

Answer 20

Deterioration begins in frontal lobes, leads to impulsivity and difficulty sequencing events

Question 21

Semantic dementia

Answer 21

Specific deterioration to temporal areas responsible for semantic memory

Question 22

Dementia prevalence has been ____ over the decades

Answer 22

decreasing

Question 23

Alzheimer’s disease typically begins in the ____ ____ ____ (MTL), and then progresses to the rest of the brain. It always involves an ____ memory deficit and other ____ functions.

Answer 23

medial temporal lobes; episodic; cognitive

Question 24

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in episodic memory includes…

Answer 24

getting lost, repeating questions, memory loss

Question 25

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in semantic memory includes…

Answer 25

imparied word retrieval

Question 26

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in working memory includes…

Answer 26

difficulty with multi-step processes

Question 27

Kopelman (1985) had adults with Alzheimer’s disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome, of typical controls to complete a memory task using picture recognition. Forgetting was then tested several days later. What were the results?

Answer 27

Retention rate: Controls > Korsakoff’s > Alzheimer’s
Forgotten rate: Same across the three groups

Question 28

Baddeley, Logie, Bressi, Della Sala, and Spinnler (1986) compared performance of young adults, older adults, and people with Alzherimer’s disease. They found that ____ ____ group are ____ under dual task conditions.

Answer 28

Alzheimer’s disease; worse

Question 29

Patients with Alzhermer’s disease acquire the pursuit rotor task about as quickly as ____ (Heindel et al., 1989), and that ____ is somewhat intact, but no longer appears on tasks like ____ completion (Fleischman et al., 1993)

Answer 29

controls; priming; stem