Chater 26 The Fetal Spine And Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Diagnosis of clubfoot?

Answer 1

The metatarsals and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula

Question 2

What condition is associated with bilateral renal agenesis, olihydramnios, and fusion of the lower extremities?

Answer 2

Sirenomelia

Question 3

A protein produced by the yolk sac and fetal liver that is found in excess in the maternal circulation in the presence of NTD is:

Answer 3

AFP

Question 4

What term is defined as fusion of the digits?

Answer 4

Syndactyly

Question 5

A cloverleaf skull and hydrocephalus is seen with:

Answer 5

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Question 6

Sonographically, you visualize a mass extending from the distal spine of a fetus. The mass could be:

Answer 6

*SCT
*Meningocele
*Meningomyelocele

Question 7

Absence of the radius is referred to as:

Answer 7

Radial Ray defect

Question 8

Sirenomelia is commonly referred to as:

Answer 8

Mermaid syndrome

Question 9

The exaggerated distance between the first toe and the second toe is:

Answer 9

Sandal Gap

Question 10

What is associated with amniotic band syndrome:

Answer 10

*Amputation of fetal parts
*Anencephaly
*Facial clefting

Question 11

Signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation:

Answer 11

*Banana sign
*Lemon sign
*Colpocephaly

Question 12

A bell-shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of:

Answer 12

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 13

Characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogenesis:

Answer 13

*Micromelia
*Absent mineralization of the pelvis
*Polyhydraminos

Question 14

Absent long bones with the hands and feet arising from the shoulders and hips describes:

Answer 14

Phocomelia

Question 15

An absent sacrum and coccyx is referred to as:

Answer 15

Caudal regression syndrome

Question 16

Rhizomelia denotes:

Answer 16

Shortening of the proximal segment of a limb

Question 17

The thalamic tissue located within the third ventricle of the brain that can become enlarged with Arnold-Chiari II malformation is:

Answer 17

Massa intermedia

Question 18

What abnormality results in limitation of the fetal limbs as a result of joint contractures?

Answer 18

Arthrogryposis

Question 19

Achondroplasia is associated with:

Answer 19

*Frontal bossing
*Flattened nasal bridge
*Trident hand

Question 20

The most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia is:

Answer 20

Achondroplasia

Question 21

In VACTERL association, the letter “L” stands for

Answer 21

Limb

Question 22

The group of fetal head and brain abnormalities that often coexists with spina bifida is referred to as:

Answer 22

Arnold-Chiari II malformation

Question 23

______would increase the likelihood of a fetus developing sirenomelia and caudal regression syndrome

Answer 23

Preexisting maternal diabetes

Question 24

A disorder that results in abnormal bone growth and dwarfism is:

Answer 24

Achondroplasia

Question 25

What are clinical or sonographic findings consistent with LBWC:

Answer 25

*Ventral wall defects *Marked scoliosis *Shortened umbilical cord

Question 26

The lemon sign denotes:

Answer 26

An abnormal shape of the fetal skull

Question 27

The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is referred to as:

Answer 27

Scoliosis

Question 28

In VACTERL association, the letter "C" stands for:

Answer 28

Cardiac

Question 29

Characteristics of spina bifida cystica:

Answer 29

*Banana sign *Lemon sign *Enlarged massa intermedia

Question 30

The abnormal lateral ventricle shape in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn is referred to as:

Answer 30

Colpocephaly

Question 31

Characteristics of spina bifida occulta:

Answer 31

*Closed defect *Sacral dimple *Hemangioma

Question 31

The condition associated with the absence of the sacrum and coccyx:

Answer 31

Caudal regression syndrome

Question 32

The form of inheritance in which at least one parent has to be a carrier of an abnormal gene for it to be passed to the fetus is:

Answer 32

Autosomal dominant

Question 33

The disorder associated with fetal amputation's is:

Answer 33

Amniotic band syndrome

Question 34

What is the anomaly of the spine in which there is absence of all or part of a vertebral body and posterior element?

Answer 34

Hemivertebra

Question 35

The artifact seen posterior to solid structures such as fetal bone is referred to as:

Answer 35

Acoustic shadowing

Question 36

Talipes equinovarus is associated with :

Answer 36

Clubfoot

Question 37

What is the maternal dietary supplement that has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of the fetus suffering from neural tube defect?

Answer 37

Folate

Question 38

The neural process of each vertebra will become the:

Answer 38

*Lamina *Pedicle *Transverse process *Spinous process *Articular process

Question 39

The centrum will eventually form the:

Answer 39

Vertebral body

Question 40

Each fetal vertebra consists of three echogenic ossification centers:

Answer 40

*One centrum *Two neural processes

Question 41

_______is the most common form of spina bifida; result in open lesions that are typically not covered by skin and a mass that protrudes from the spine

Answer 41

Spina bifida aperta

Question 42

The most common location of spina bifida is:

Answer 42

Lumbosacral region

Question 43

______is a closed spinal lesions that are completely covered by skin and can be difficult to identify sonographically

Answer 43

Spina bifida occulta

Question 44

_______is the sonographic sign of the cerebellum being curved in the presence of spina bifida

Answer 44

Banana sign

Question 45

______is described as scalloping of the frontal bones, presents a distinct finding on sonography

Answer 45

Lemon sign

Question 46

Spina bifida is AKA:

Answer 46

*Spinal dysraphism *Meningocele *Meningomyelocele

Question 47

______is a neural tube defect that occurs when the embryonic neural tube fails to close:

Answer 47

Spina bifida

Question 48

_____is an abnormal posterior curvature of the spine

Answer 48

Kyphosis

Question 49

______is a deformity of the spine in which there is an abnormal lateral curvature

Answer 49

Scoliosis

Question 50

Limb-body wall complex is AKA:

Answer 50

*Body stalk anomaly *Short umbilical cord syndrome

Question 51

There are three postulated causes for limb-body wall complex

Answer 51

*Vascular occlusion *Amnion rupture *Embryonic dysgenesis

Question 52

Dysplasia denotes the:

Answer 52

Abnormal development of a structure

Question 53

The four most common skeletal dysplasias are:

Answer 53

* Achondroplasia * Achondrogenesis * Osteogenesis imperfecta * Thanatophoric dysplasia

Question 54

_______is a disorder that results in abnormal bone growth and dwarfism

Answer 54

Achondroplasia

Question 55

_______is shortening of the proximal segment of a limb

Answer 55

Rhizomelia

Question 56

______is a rare, lethal condition resulting in absent mineralization of the skeletal bones

Answer 56

Achondrogenesis

Question 57

The fetus with _____will have a cloverleaf skull with frontal bossing and hydrocephalus

Answer 57

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Question 58

______ is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia

Answer 58

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Question 59

Caudal regression syndrome may also be referred to as:

Answer 59

Sacral agenesis

Question 60

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the:

Answer 60

*Upper extremities *Low extremities *Pelvic girdle

Question 61

______is described as the absence or underdevelopment of the radius

Answer 61

Radial ray defect

Question 62

Clubfoot is AKA:

Answer 62

Talipes Equinovarus

Question 63

________may be recognized as linear, thin membranes with a broad base crossing the amniotic sac

Answer 63

Uterine synechiae

Question 64

______can entrap fetal parts and cause amputation of digits, limbs and even the skull

Answer 64

Amniotic band sequence

Question 65

______results from the rupture of the amnion

Answer 65

Sticky bands

Question 66

Sonographic findings of spina bifida aperta

Answer 66

1. Splaying of the laminae in the area of the defect 2. Cystic mass or complex mass protruding from the spine 3. Lemon sign/shaped cranium with flattened frontal bones 4. Banana sign 5. Obliterated cisterna magna 6. Colpocephaly 7. Hydrocephalus

Question 67

Sonographic appearance of scoliosis

Answer 67

1. Lateral curvature of the spine 2. S-shaped spine

Question 68

Sonographic appearance of kyphosis

Answer 68

1. Abnormal posterior curvature of the spine

Question 69

Sonographic findings of limb-body wall complex

Answer 69

1. Short or absent umbilical cord 2. Marked scoliosis 3. Various other anomalies including craniofacial and limb defects

Question 70

Sonographic findings of Achondrogenesis

Answer 70

1. Severely shortened limbs 2. Absent mineralization of the skull, spine, pelvis, and limbs 3. Large skull 4. Narrow chest and distended abdomen 5. Polyhydramnios

Question 71

Sonographic findings of Achondroplasia

Answer 71

1. Macrocrania 2. Frontal bossing 3. Flattened nasal bridge 4. Micromelia (resulting from rhizomelia) 5. Trident hand

Question 72

Sonographic findings of tranatophoric dysplasia

Answer 72

1. Cloverleaf skull 2. Hydrocephalus 3. Depressed nasal bridge 4. Bell-shaped chest 5. Polyhydramnios 6. Redundant soft-tissue 7. Telephone receiver-shaped long bones

Question 73

Sonographic findings of caudal regression syndrome

Answer 73

1. Absent sacrum and possibly part of the lumbar vertebra 2. Possible abnormalities in the lower extremities like clubfeet

Question 74

Sonographic findings of sirenomelia

Answer 74

1. Fusion of the lower extremities 2. Bilateral renal agenesis 3. Oligohydraminos (possible anhydramnios)

Question 75

Sonographic findings of sacrococcygeal teratoma

Answer 75

1. Complex mass extending off the distal fetal spine 2. Mass can be highly vascular 3. Hydronephrosis may be present 4. Fetal hydrops may be present 5. Cardiomegaly

Question 76

Sonographic findings of Radial ray defect

Answer 76

1. Absent or hypoplastic radius 2. Various defects in other body systems; cardiac and VACTERL association

Question 77

Sonographic findings of amniotic band syndrome

Answer 77

1. Amniotic of fetal parts or severe edema in the affected area 2. Thin, linear bands, may be seen 3. Facial clefting

Question 78

Sonographic findings of clubfoot

Answer 78

1. Metatarsal and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula

Question 79

Clinical findings of open spina bifida aperta

Answer 79

1. Elevated MSAFP

Question 80

Clinical findings of spina bifida occulta

Answer 80

1. In utero-normal lab values 2. Postnatal-sacral dimple, hemangioma, lipoma or excessive hair is identified directly over the distal spine

Question 81

Clinical findings of Limb-body complex

Answer 81

1. Elevated MSAFP

Question 82

Clinical findings of caudal regression syndrome

Answer 82

1. Uncontrolled maternal pregestational diabetes

Question 83

Clinical findings of sirenomelia

Answer 83

1. Uncontrolled pregestational maternal diabetes