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ARRT (Ob/gyn US) > Chater 26 The Fetal Spine And Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chater 26 The Fetal Spine And Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis of clubfoot?

A

The metatarsals and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula

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2
Q

What condition is associated with bilateral renal agenesis, olihydramnios, and fusion of the lower extremities?

A

Sirenomelia

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3
Q

A protein produced by the yolk sac and fetal liver that is found in excess in the maternal circulation in the presence of NTD is:

A

AFP

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4
Q

What term is defined as fusion of the digits?

A

Syndactyly

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5
Q

A cloverleaf skull and hydrocephalus is seen with:

A

Thanatophoric dysplasia

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6
Q

Sonographically, you visualize a mass extending from the distal spine of a fetus. The mass could be:

A

*SCT
*Meningocele
*Meningomyelocele

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7
Q

Absence of the radius is referred to as:

A

Radial Ray defect

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8
Q

Sirenomelia is commonly referred to as:

A

Mermaid syndrome

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9
Q

The exaggerated distance between the first toe and the second toe is:

A

Sandal Gap

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10
Q

What is associated with amniotic band syndrome:

A

*Amputation of fetal parts
*Anencephaly
*Facial clefting

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11
Q

Signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation:

A

*Banana sign
*Lemon sign
*Colpocephaly

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12
Q

A bell-shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of:

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

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13
Q

Characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogenesis:

A

*Micromelia
*Absent mineralization of the pelvis
*Polyhydraminos

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14
Q

Absent long bones with the hands and feet arising from the shoulders and hips describes:

A

Phocomelia

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15
Q

An absent sacrum and coccyx is referred to as:

A

Caudal regression syndrome

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16
Q

Rhizomelia denotes:

A

Shortening of the proximal segment of a limb

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17
Q

The thalamic tissue located within the third ventricle of the brain that can become enlarged with Arnold-Chiari II malformation is:

A

Massa intermedia

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18
Q

What abnormality results in limitation of the fetal limbs as a result of joint contractures?

A

Arthrogryposis

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19
Q

Achondroplasia is associated with:

A

*Frontal bossing
*Flattened nasal bridge
*Trident hand

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20
Q

The most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia is:

A

Achondroplasia

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21
Q

In VACTERL association, the letter “L” stands for

A

Limb

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22
Q

The group of fetal head and brain abnormalities that often coexists with spina bifida is referred to as:

A

Arnold-Chiari II malformation

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23
Q

______would increase the likelihood of a fetus developing sirenomelia and caudal regression syndrome

A

Preexisting maternal diabetes

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24
Q

A disorder that results in abnormal bone growth and dwarfism is:

A

Achondroplasia

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25
Q

What are clinical or sonographic findings consistent with LBWC:

A

*Ventral wall defects
*Marked scoliosis
*Shortened umbilical cord

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26
Q

The lemon sign denotes:

A

An abnormal shape of the fetal skull

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27
Q

The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is referred to as:

A

Scoliosis

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28
Q

In VACTERL association, the letter “C” stands for:

A

Cardiac

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29
Q

Characteristics of spina bifida cystica:

A

*Banana sign
*Lemon sign
*Enlarged massa intermedia

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30
Q

The abnormal lateral ventricle shape in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn is referred to as:

A

Colpocephaly

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31
Q

Characteristics of spina bifida occulta:

A

*Closed defect
*Sacral dimple
*Hemangioma

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31
Q

The condition associated with the absence of the sacrum and coccyx:

A

Caudal regression syndrome

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32
Q

The form of inheritance in which at least one parent has to be a carrier of an abnormal gene for it to be passed to the fetus is:

A

Autosomal dominant

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33
Q

The disorder associated with fetal amputation’s is:

A

Amniotic band syndrome

34
Q

What is the anomaly of the spine in which there is absence of all or part of a vertebral body and posterior element?

A

Hemivertebra

35
Q

The artifact seen posterior to solid structures such as fetal bone is referred to as:

A

Acoustic shadowing

36
Q

Talipes equinovarus is associated with :

37
Q

What is the maternal dietary supplement that has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of the fetus suffering from neural tube defect?

38
Q

The neural process of each vertebra will become the:

A

*Lamina
*Pedicle
*Transverse process
*Spinous process
*Articular process

39
Q

The centrum will eventually form the:

A

Vertebral body

40
Q

Each fetal vertebra consists of three echogenic ossification centers:

A

*One centrum
*Two neural processes

41
Q

_______is the most common form of spina bifida; result in open lesions that are typically not covered by skin and a mass that protrudes from the spine

A

Spina bifida aperta

42
Q

The most common location of spina bifida is:

A

Lumbosacral region

43
Q

______is a closed spinal lesions that are completely covered by skin and can be difficult to identify sonographically

A

Spina bifida occulta

44
Q

_______is the sonographic sign of the cerebellum being curved in the presence of spina bifida

A

Banana sign

45
Q

______is described as scalloping of the frontal bones, presents a distinct finding on sonography

A

Lemon sign

46
Q

Spina bifida is AKA:

A

*Spinal dysraphism
*Meningocele
*Meningomyelocele

47
Q

______is a neural tube defect that occurs when the embryonic neural tube fails to close:

A

Spina bifida

48
Q

_____is an abnormal posterior curvature of the spine

49
Q

______is a deformity of the spine in which there is an abnormal lateral curvature

50
Q

Limb-body wall complex is AKA:

A

*Body stalk anomaly
*Short umbilical cord syndrome

51
Q

There are three postulated causes for limb-body wall complex

A

*Vascular occlusion
*Amnion rupture
*Embryonic dysgenesis

52
Q

Dysplasia denotes the:

A

Abnormal development of a structure

53
Q

The four most common skeletal dysplasias are:

A
  • Achondroplasia
  • Achondrogenesis
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Thanatophoric dysplasia
54
Q

_______is a disorder that results in abnormal bone growth and dwarfism

A

Achondroplasia

55
Q

_______is shortening of the proximal segment of a limb

A

Rhizomelia

56
Q

______is a rare, lethal condition resulting in absent mineralization of the skeletal bones

A

Achondrogenesis

57
Q

The fetus with _____will have a cloverleaf skull with frontal bossing and hydrocephalus

A

Thanatophoric dysplasia

58
Q

______ is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia

A

Thanatophoric dysplasia

59
Q

Caudal regression syndrome may also be referred to as:

A

Sacral agenesis

60
Q

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the:

A

*Upper extremities
*Low extremities
*Pelvic girdle

61
Q

______is described as the absence or underdevelopment of the radius

A

Radial ray defect

62
Q

Clubfoot is AKA:

A

Talipes Equinovarus

63
Q

________may be recognized as linear, thin membranes with a broad base crossing the amniotic sac

A

Uterine synechiae

64
Q

______can entrap fetal parts and cause amputation of digits, limbs and even the skull

A

Amniotic band sequence

65
Q

______results from the rupture of the amnion

A

Sticky bands

66
Q

Sonographic findings of spina bifida aperta

A
  1. Splaying of the laminae in the area of the defect
  2. Cystic mass or complex mass protruding from the spine
  3. Lemon sign/shaped cranium with flattened frontal bones
  4. Banana sign
  5. Obliterated cisterna magna
  6. Colpocephaly
  7. Hydrocephalus
67
Q

Sonographic appearance of scoliosis

A
  1. Lateral curvature of the spine
  2. S-shaped spine
68
Q

Sonographic appearance of kyphosis

A
  1. Abnormal posterior curvature of the spine
69
Q

Sonographic findings of limb-body wall complex

A
  1. Short or absent umbilical cord
  2. Marked scoliosis
  3. Various other anomalies including craniofacial and limb defects
70
Q

Sonographic findings of Achondrogenesis

A
  1. Severely shortened limbs
  2. Absent mineralization of the skull, spine, pelvis, and limbs
  3. Large skull
  4. Narrow chest and distended abdomen
  5. Polyhydramnios
71
Q

Sonographic findings of Achondroplasia

A
  1. Macrocrania
  2. Frontal bossing
  3. Flattened nasal bridge
  4. Micromelia (resulting from rhizomelia)
  5. Trident hand
72
Q

Sonographic findings of tranatophoric dysplasia

A
  1. Cloverleaf skull
  2. Hydrocephalus
  3. Depressed nasal bridge
  4. Bell-shaped chest
  5. Polyhydramnios
  6. Redundant soft-tissue
  7. Telephone receiver-shaped long bones
73
Q

Sonographic findings of caudal regression syndrome

A
  1. Absent sacrum and possibly part of the lumbar vertebra
  2. Possible abnormalities in the lower extremities like clubfeet
74
Q

Sonographic findings of sirenomelia

A
  1. Fusion of the lower extremities
  2. Bilateral renal agenesis
  3. Oligohydraminos (possible anhydramnios)
75
Q

Sonographic findings of sacrococcygeal teratoma

A
  1. Complex mass extending off the distal fetal spine
  2. Mass can be highly vascular
  3. Hydronephrosis may be present
  4. Fetal hydrops may be present
  5. Cardiomegaly
76
Q

Sonographic findings of Radial ray defect

A
  1. Absent or hypoplastic radius
  2. Various defects in other body systems; cardiac and VACTERL association
77
Q

Sonographic findings of amniotic band syndrome

A
  1. Amniotic of fetal parts or severe edema in the affected area
  2. Thin, linear bands, may be seen
  3. Facial clefting
78
Q

Sonographic findings of clubfoot

A
  1. Metatarsal and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula
79
Q

Clinical findings of open spina bifida aperta

A
  1. Elevated MSAFP
80
Q

Clinical findings of spina bifida occulta

A
  1. In utero-normal lab values
  2. Postnatal-sacral dimple, hemangioma, lipoma or excessive hair is identified directly over the distal spine
81
Q

Clinical findings of Limb-body complex

A
  1. Elevated MSAFP
82
Q

Clinical findings of caudal regression syndrome

A
  1. Uncontrolled maternal pregestational diabetes
83
Q

Clinical findings of sirenomelia

A
  1. Uncontrolled pregestational maternal diabetes

ARRT (Ob/gyn US) (18 decks)

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