Chapter 20 Postmenopausal Sonography And Sonohysterography Flashcards
The most common female genital tract malignancy is:
Endometrial carcinoma
Endometrial polyps are associated with all (3):
- Intermenstrual bleeding
- Tamoxifen therapy
- Prolapse through the cervix
Endometrial hyperplasia may be caused by:
Endometrial atrophy
68 year old patient presents to the sonography department complaining of vaginal bleeding . The most likely cause of bleeding is:
Endometrial atrophy
With endometrial atrophy, the endometrial thickness should not exceed:
5mm
An 84 year old patient presents to the sonography department with sudden onset of vaginal bleeding . Her endometrial thickness should not exceed:
5mm
Asymptomatic 65 year-old patient presents to the sonography department with pelvic pain but no vaginal bleeding. Her endometrial thickness should not exceed:
8mm
Causes of postmenopausal bleeding include:
- Endometrial atrophy
- Endometrial hyperplasia
- Intracavity fibroids
______would most likely lead to the development of endometrial adhesions?
D and C
Tamoxifen effects on the endometrium will sonographically appear as:
Cystic changes within a thickened endometrium
______would be most likely to cause postmenopausal bleeding?
Thecoma
Tamoxifen has been linked with (3):
*Endometrial polyps
*Endometrial hyperplasia
*Endometrial carcinoma
The sonographic appearance of a 59 year old women on HRT is:
Variable depending upon the menstrual cycle
Unopposed estrogen therapy has been shown to increase the risk for developing:
Endometrial carcinoma
Possible benefit of ERT include:
*Reduction in osteoporosis risk
*Risk in colon cancer risk
*Reduction in heart disease risk
The breast cancer treatment drug that may alter the sonographic appearance of the endometrium is:
Tamoxifen
What hormone plays a major role in the symptoms associated with menopause?
Estrogenate
Stein-Leventhal syndrome is related to:
*Infertility
*Anovulatory cycles
*Hirsutism
Cessation of menstruation with advanced age is termed:
Menopause
What is a gynecologic procedure to remove an endometrial polyp?
Hysteroscopy with polypectomy
______would increase the risk of a patient developing endometrial cancer?
Unopposed ERT
Blood accumulation within the uterus is termed:
Hematometra
Description of endometrial polyps:
Benign nodules of hyperplastic endometrial tissue
The most common cause of postmenopausal bleeding is:
Endometrial atrophy
Measurement of the endometrium should include:
Measurement from the basal layer to the basal layer
What is the most common form of endometrial carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma
The removal of tissue from the endometrium by scraping is termed:
Curettage
What is used as a tumor marker for endometrial carcinoma?
CA-125
What would increase a patient’s likelihood of a suffering from thromboembolism?
ERT
Asherman syndrome is associated with:
Endometrial adhesions
The absence of menstrual bleeding is termed:
Amenorrhea
What is the most likely pulsed doppler characteristic of endometrial cancer?
Low-impedance flow
Because of the lack of circulating estrogen during and after menopause, there is a notable increase risk for developing?
Osteopenia and osteoporosis
Treatment for endometrial polys is typically a:
Polypectomy with the use of hysteroscopy
Endometrial polyps are better visualized with the use of:
Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS)
_______is the most common female genital tract malignancy, with PMB being the most common clinical presentation
Endometrial carcinoma
Elevation of _______has been linked with cancers of the ovary, endometrium, breast, gastrointestinal tract and lungs
CA-125
If the endometrium measures less than 5mm, the bleeding is typically caused by:
Endometrial atrophy
______are small nodules of hyperplastic endometrial tissue that may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding in both postmenopausal or perimenopausal woman
Endometrial polyps
______is often used to combat the reduction of estrogen circulating in the female body after menopause and to prevent menopausal symptoms
Hormone replacement therapy
______is an increase in the number of endometrial cells
Endometrial hyperplasia
_____is a sonographic procedure that uses saline instillation into the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes to evaluate for internal abnormalities
Saline infusion sonohysterography
_____is a breast cancer drug that inhibits the effects of estrogen on the breast, thus slowing the growth of malignant breast cells
Tamoxifen
_____is the presence of intrauterine adhesions or synechiae within the uterine cavity that typically occur as a result of scar formation after uterine surgery
Asherman syndrome
Patients undergoing menopause may also suffer from:
*Night sweats
*Hot flashes
*Mood changes
*Depression
*Dyspareunia
*Dysuria
*Decrease in libido
Without ______, menstruation ceases and the uterus and ovaries undergo atrophy or decrease in size
Estrogen and Progesterone
The average age at which menopause occurs is ______, with a range in normal women between the ages of _____
*51
*41-58
_____is the cessation of menstruation with advanced age
Menopause
Clinical findings of endometrial hyperplasia(4):
- Abnormal uterine bleeding
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Obesity
- Tamoxifen therapy
Clinical findings of endometrial carcinoma
- Postmenopausal bleeding
- Intermenstrual bleeding
- Enlarged uterus
- Elevation of CA-125
Clinical findings of endometrial polyps
- Can be asymptomatic
- Menometrorrhagia
- Intermenstrual bleeding
- Has been linked with infertility in reproductive aged group
Clinical findings of asherman syndrome
- History of D&C trauma and uterine surgery
- Recurrent pregnancy loss
- Amenorrhea or hypomenorrhea
Sonographic findings of endometrial hyperplasia
- Thickened echogenic endometrium
- Small cystic spaces within the endometrium
Sonographic findings of endometrial carcinoma
- Thickened endometrium
- Heterogeneous uterus
- Enlarged uterus with lobular contour
- Endometrial fluid
- Polypoid mass within the endometrium
Sonographic findings of endometrial polyps
- Focal thickening of the endometrium
- Diffuse thickening of the endometrium
Sonographic findings of Asherman syndrome
- Bright areas within the endometrium
- Sonohysterography findings include bright bands of tissue traversing the uterine cavity
