Chapter 27 The Fetal Heart And Chest Flashcards
A coexisting pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of:
Fetal hydrops
The fetal heart is fully formed by:
10 weeks
The chamber closest to the fetal spine is the _______
Left atrium
The blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins enters into the:
Left atrium
What structure shunts blood into the IVC from the umbilical vein?
Ductus venosus
What is the normal opening in the lower middle third of the atrial septum?
Foramen ovale
______is considered to be the most common cardiac defect
VSD
Fetal lung maturity can be assessed using the:
LS ratio
The mitral valve is located:
Between the left ventricle and the left atrium
The sonographic “bat wing” sign means:
Pleural effusion
The visualization of the fetal stomach within the fetal chest is most indicative of:
Diaphragmatic hernia
Eventration of the diaphragm is best described as:
A lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm
Tetralogy of Fallot consists of :
*Overriding aortic root
*VSD
*Pulmonary stenosis
The embryonic heart begins as:
Two tubes
The most common sonographic appearance of pulmonary sequestration is:
Triangular, echogenic (bright) mass within the chest
The tricuspid valve is located:
Between the right ventricle and the right atrium
A separate mass of nonfunctioning fetal lung tissue is referred to as:
Pulmonary sequestration
The most common cause of cardiac malposition is:
Diaphragmatic hernia
The moderator band is located within the:
Right ventricle
The most common form of diaphragmatic hernia is the:
Foramen of Bochdalek
The condition in which the heart is located outside the chest wall is termed:
Ectopic cordis
The normal heart will fill approximately ______ of the fetal chest
One-third
The accumulation of fluid around the lungs is termed:
Pleural effusion
What is the fetal shunt that connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch?
Ductus Arteriosis
Sonographic features of pentalogy of cantrell:
*Omphalocele
*Cleft Sternum
*Diaphragmatic defect
The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the:
Rhabdomyoma
An EIF would most likely be associated with:
Trisomy 21
What is the term for underdevelopment of the lungs?
Pulmonary hypoplasia
An EIF is most often seen within the:
Left ventricle
The narrowing of the aortic arch is indicative of:
Coarctation of the aorta
What is an opening within the septum that separates the right and the left ventricles?
VSD
Sonographic signs of Ebstein anomaly
Narrowing of the aortic arch
A group of anomalies characterized by a small or an absent right ventricle is:
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
A group of anomalies characterized by a small or absent left ventricle is:
Turner syndrome
What is the opening located right anteromedially within the diaphragm?
Foramen of Morgagni
The absence of the pulmonary valve, which in turn prohibits blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and into the lungs?
Pulmonary atresia
With Ebstein anomaly the right ventricle is contiguous with the right atrium a finding referred to as:
“Atrialized” right ventricle
Malformation or mispositioning of the tricuspid valve results in:
Ebstein anomaly
The umbilical vein travels superiorly and connects to the:
Left portal vein
The vein entering the umbilicus brings:
Oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus
The normal umbilical cord contains _______arteries and _______vein
*Two
*One
Left ventricular outflow tract leads to the:
Aorta
The right ventricular outflow tract leads to the:
Pulmonary artery and branches
The central portion of the heart is referred to as the:
Endocardial cushion
The combination of both atrial and VSDs is termed:
Atrioventricular defect
_______is an abnormal opening in the septum between the two atria of the heart
Atrial septal defects (ASD)
_______is the narrowing of the aortic arch
Coarctation of the aorta
When the pulmonary artery abnormally arises from the left ventricle and the aorta abnormally arises from the right ventricle is called:
Transposition of the great vessels
The fetal heart begins to contract at _______ days of gestation
36 to 37
The thymus is located anterior to the _______
Mediastinum
The most common location of a diaphragmatic hernia is on the _________
Left side
The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the ________
Rhabdomyoma
______is a mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lungs tissue
Cystic adenomatoid malformation (CAM)
Cystic adenomatoid malformation is AKA:
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)
Fluid surrounding the lungs is referred to as:
Pleural effusion (hydrothorax)
______is fluid located around the heart
Pericardial effusion
Functional fetal lung tissue does not typically exist until after ________
25 weeks
_______is a genetic disorder characterized by an absent or a hypoplastic thymus
DiGeorge syndrome
The most common reason for fetal cardiac malposition is the existence of a ________
Diaphragmatic hernia
_______results in an abnormal opening in the fetal diaphragm that allows the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity
Diaphragmatic hernia
_______is a separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply
Pulmonary sequestration (Bronchopulmonary)
_______is caused by a decreased number of lung cells, airway and alveoli
Pulmonary hypoplasia
______is a group of anomalies that combines ectopic cordis and an existing omphalocele
Pentalogy of cantrell
______is an abnormal opening in the septum between the two ventricles of the heart
Ventricular septal defect
Sonographic findings of a diaphragmatic hernia
- Malposition of the heart
- Anechoic stomach bubble noted adjacent to the four-chamber heart view
- Other abdominal organs, including the liver, pancreas, and spleen may be located along the chest
Sonographic findings of pulmonary sequestration
- Echogenic, triangular-shaped mass within the fetal chest
- Pleural effusion may be present
Sonographic findings of ventricular septal defects
- Absence of part of the ventricular septum
- Color doppler is helpful at detecting small defects
Sonographic findings of atrial septal defects
- Absent part of the atrial septum
- Color doppler is helpful at detecting small defects
Sonographic findings of atrioventricular septal defects
- Absence of the atrial and ventricular septum
- Color doppler findings are helpful at shadowing mixture of flow patterns
Sonographic findings of coarctation of the aorta
- Narrowing of the aortic arch
- Right ventricular enlargement
- Pulmonary artery enlargement
Sonographic findings of tetralogy of fallot
- Overriding aortic root
- VSD
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
Sonographic findings of an echogenic intracardiac focus
- Echogenic structure most commonly located within the left ventricle
Sonographic findings of a rhabdomyoma
- Echogenic tumor(s) within the myocardium of the heart
Sonographic findings of pericardial effusion
- Anechoic fluid surrounding the heart
Sonographic findings of ectopic cordis
- Heart location either partially or complerely outside the chest
Sonographic findings of pleural effusion
- Anechoic fluid surrounding the fetal lung(s) “bat-wing” sign
- Other signs of hydrops may be present
Sonographic findings of hypoplastic right heart syndrome
- Absent or small right ventricle
- Enlarged left ventricle
- Fetal hydrops (secondary to cardiac failure)
- Narrowing of the pulmonary valve
Sonographic findings of transposition of the great vessels
- The pulmonary artery abnormally arises from the left ventricle and the aorta abnormally
- The outflow tracts will be positioned parallel to each other rather than crisscrossing
- VSD may be present
Sonographic findings of Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- Absent or small left ventricle
- No communication between the left atrium and the left ventricle
- Aortic atresia (possibly)
- Aortic stenosis (possibly)
- Coarctation of the aorta
Sonographic findings of Ebstein anomaly
- Mispositioned tricuspid valve
- Right and left atrial shunting
- Tricuspid regurgitation
- Enlarged right atrium
- Deviation of the atrial septum to the left
- Fetal hydrops (secondary to cardiac failure)
