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ARRT (Ob/gyn US) > Chapter 24 The Fetal Head And Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 24 The Fetal Head And Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What should be included in the correct level for an HC measurement?

A

*Falx cerebri
*Thalamus
*CSP

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2
Q

Following an intracranial hemorrhage, a cyst is noted within the cerebrum that communicates with the lateral ventricle:

A

Porencephaly

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3
Q

The condition in which the frontal horns are small and the occipital horns are enlarged is referred to as:

A

Colpocephaly

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4
Q

_____would not be normally located within the midline of the fetal brain?

A

Lobes of thalamus

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5
Q

What cerebral malformations is as a result of agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis?

A

DWM

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6
Q

A cisterna magna that measure 15mm and a normal appearing cerebellum is most likely:

A

Mega cisterna magna

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7
Q

The lack of sulci within the fetal cerebrum is a reliable indicator of:

A

Lissencephaly

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8
Q

The sonographic finding of a fluid-filled cranium with absence of cerebral tissue is consistent with:

A

Hydranencephaly

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8
Q

The most common cause of hydrocephalus in utero is:

A

Aqueductal stenosis

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8
Q

What fetal suture is located within the frontal bone along the midline of the forehead?

A

Metopic suture

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9
Q

Absence of the skull is:

A

Acrania

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10
Q

What cerebral abnormality are atypical facial features most commonly associated with:

A

Holoprosencephaly

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11
Q

A lemon-shaped skull is related to:

A

Arnold-chiari II malformation

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12
Q

A cloverleaf-shaped skull is related to:

A

Thanatophoric dysplasia

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13
Q

The band of tissue that allows communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the:

A

Corpus callosum

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14
Q

______would be the most likely fetal cranial findings with TORCH infections

A

Intracranial calcifications

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15
Q

A strawberry-shaped skull is commonly associated with:

A

Trisomy 18

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16
Q

The cisterna magna should not exceed ______in the trans-cerebellar plane

A

10mm

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17
Q

The most accurate measurement for estimating gestational age is:

A

HC

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18
Q

A normal shaped skull is termed:

A

Mesocephaly

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19
Q

The structure located between the two lobes of the cerebellum is the:

A

Cerebellar vermis

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20
Q

The fourth ventricle is located:

A

Anterior to the cerebellar vermis

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21
Q

The third ventricle is located:

A

Between the two lobes of the thalamus

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22
Q

______is a genetic disorder that includes craniosynostosis, midline facial hypoplasia, and syndactyly?

A

Apert Syndrome

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23
Q

The most severe form of holoprosencephaly is:

A

Alobar

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24
Q

The interhalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) passes through the:

A

Third ventricle

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25
Q

Enlargement of the frontal horns and narrowing of the occipital horns is termed:

A

Colpocephaly

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26
Q

The ‘sunbursts” of the cerebral sulci is a sonographic findings of:

A

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

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27
Q

The anechoic midline brain structure located between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles is the:

A

CSP

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28
Q

The development of fluid-filled cleft within the cerebral hemispheres is the:

A

Schizencephaly

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29
Q

The double fold of dura mater that divides the cerebral hemispheres is the:

A

Falx cerebri

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30
Q

What will also typically be absent with agenesis of the corpus callosum?

A

CSP

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31
Q

What is located on both sides of the midline?

A

Lateral ventricles

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32
Q

The choroid plexus cyst could be associated with an increased risk of:

A

Trisomy 18

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33
Q

With what structure does the posterior fossa cyst associated with DWM communicate?

A

Fourth ventricle

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34
Q

The MCA/umbilical artery resistive index is normally above?

A

1.0

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35
Q

When the fetus is starved for oxygen, redistribution of the blood to the vital organ, such as the brain occurs in order to spare it from damage is called:

A

Brain-sparing effect

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36
Q

______is a group of thin-walled, pressure-sensitive vessels located in the subependymal layer of the ventricles

A

Germinal matrix

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37
Q

_______are found within the choroid plexus and produce an increase in the production of CSF, which leads to ventriculomegaly

A

Choroid plexus papillomas

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38
Q

The most common location for a cephalocele is in the:

A

Occipital region

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39
Q

The most common location of spina bifida is within the:

A

Distal lumbosacral region

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40
Q

______are protrusions of intracranial contents through a defect in the skull

A

Cephaloceles

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41
Q

The abnormal enlargement of the ventricles within the brain is called:

A

Ventriculomegaly

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42
Q

The lateral ventricle is measured in the:

A

Transaxial plane at the level of the atrium

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43
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are linked in the midline by the:

A

Corpus callosum

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44
Q

The normal to medium sized skull is termed:

A

Mesocephalic

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45
Q

The paired lateral ventricles are located on:

A

Both sides of the falx cerebri within the cerebral hemispheres

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46
Q

The two lobes of the thalamus are located on both sides of the:

A

Third ventricle

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47
Q

The point at which the body, temporal horn and occipital horn meet is the:

A

Trigone (atrium of the lateral ventricle)

48
Q

_____are responsible for the reabsorption of CSF into the venous system

A

Arachnoid Granulations (Arachnoid villi)

49
Q

The BPD is obtained in the axial plane at the level of the:

A

*CSP
*Thalamus
*Falx cerebri

50
Q

The OFD is obtained at the same level of the:

A

BPD and HC

51
Q

_____is an elongated, narrow head shape

A

Dolichocephaly (Scaphocephaly)

52
Q

_____head shape is one that is considered round or short and wide

A

Brachycephalic

53
Q

A cephalic index of less than 75 denotes a:

A

Dolichocephalic shape

54
Q

A cephalic index of more than 85 denotes a:

A

Brachiocephalic shape

55
Q

There are three main types of holoprosencephaly

A

*Alobar
*Semilobar
*Lobar

56
Q

Alobar holoprosencephaly can take on three basic shapes:

A

*Pancake
*Cup
*Ball

57
Q

Arachnoid cysts will not communicate with the:

A

Ventricular system

58
Q

_______occur when the embryonic neural tube fails to close

A

Neural tube defects

59
Q

The normal lateral ventricle does not typically measure more than _______at the level of the atrium

A

10mm

60
Q

_____is a thick band of white matter that provides communication between right and left halves of the brain

A

Corpus callosum

61
Q

_____are specialized cells within the ventricular system responsible for CSF production

A

Choroid plexus

62
Q

The third ventricle connects to the fourth ventricle inferiorly by means of a long tubelike structure called the:

A

Aqueduct of sylvius (cerebral aqueduct)

63
Q

CSF moves from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through the:

A

Foramina of monro

64
Q

The cerebellum is measured in the transverse plane at the same level as the

A

Cisterna magna and thalamus

65
Q

______describes the echogenic choroid plexus, hanging limp and surrounded by CSF, within the dilated lateral ventricle cerebri

A

“Dangling choroid” sign

66
Q

____is diagnosed when there is absence of the corpus callosum, CSP, 3rd ventricle, interhemispheric fissure and falx cerebri

A

Alobar holoprosencephaly

67
Q

_____is a condition in which the orbits are fused and contain a single eye

A

Cyclopia

68
Q

_____is a fleshy, tonguelike appendage that is typically located within the midline above the orbits in association with cyclopia and holoprosencephaly

A

Proboscis

69
Q

_____is a spectrum of posterior fossa abnormalities that involve the cystic dilation of the cisterna magna and 4th ventricle

A

Dandy-walker complex

70
Q

______is a bridge of tissue located within the midline of the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

71
Q

______is associated with the development of fluid-filled clefts within the cerebrum

A

Schizencephaly

72
Q

_____is initially produced by the yolk sac, fetal gastrointestinal tract, and the fetal liver

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

73
Q

______combines the lab values of hCG, estriol and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP)

A

Maternal serum screening (triple screen)

74
Q

______is a group of cranial abnormalities associated with the neural tube defect spina bifida

A

Arnold-chiari II malformation

75
Q

______is the abnormal lateral ventricle shaped in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn

A

Colpocephaly

76
Q

_____is the structure that will form the central nervous system

A

Neural plate

77
Q

Premature fusion of the cranium sutures is called :

A

Craniosynostosis

78
Q

The skull consist of _____cranial bones

A

8

79
Q

Spaces that exist between the forming fetal bones are referred to as:

A

Fontanelles “soft spots”

80
Q

The anterior fontanel, when completely filled with bone is referred to as:

A

Bregma

81
Q

The posterior fontanel is referred to as the:

A

Lambda

82
Q

The brain can be divided into two main parts:

A

*The cerebrum
*Cerebellum

83
Q

There are six cerebral lobes:

A

*Frontal lobe
*Two temporal lobes
*Two parietal lobes
*Occipital lobe

84
Q

The innermost layer of the meninges is the:

A

Pia mater

85
Q

The middle layer of the meninges is the:

A

Arachnoid membrane

86
Q

The dense, outermost layer of the meninges is the:

A

Dura mater

87
Q

The absence of all or part of the corpus callosum is referred to as:

A

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

88
Q

The cavum septum pellucidum will appear as an:

A

Anechoic “box-shaped” structure in the axial scan plane

89
Q

The cranial ventricles are lined by a membrane called the:

A

Ependyma

90
Q

Lissencephaly literally means:

A

Smooth brain

91
Q

_______is the absence of the cranial vault above the bony orbits

A

Acrania

92
Q

_____is a double fold of dura mater located within midline of the brain:

A

Falx cerebri

93
Q

______ is the opening in the base of the cranium through which the spinal cord travels

A

Foramen magnum

94
Q

The cerebrum can be further divided into a right and left hemisphere by the:

A

Intrahemispheric fissure

95
Q

The corpus callosum forms late in gestation, but should be completely intact between ________weeks

A

18-20

96
Q

_______is a midline brain structure located in the anterior portion of the brain between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles

A

Cavum septum pellucidum

97
Q

_______is the largest cistern in the skull, located in the posterior portion of the skull

A

Cisterna magna

98
Q

The _____is composed of four ventricles, whose primary function is to provide cushioning for the brain

A

Ventricular system

99
Q

________ is a rare condition in which a cyst communicates with the ventricular system

A

Porencephaly

100
Q

_______is a condition which there are no gyri within the cerebral cortex

A

Lissencephaly

101
Q

______is a fatal condition in which the entire cerebrum is replaced by a large sac containing CSF

A

Hydranencephaly

102
Q

Clinical findings of acrania/anencephaly

A
  1. Elevated MSAFP
103
Q

Clinical findings of vein of Galen aneurysm (neonatal)

A
  1. Congestive heart failure
104
Q

Clinical findings of cephaloceles

A
  1. Possible elevation of MSAFP
105
Q

Clinical findings of Arnold-chiari II malformation

A
  1. Elevated MSAFP
106
Q

Sonographic findings of ventriculomegaly

A
  1. Atrium of the lateral ventricle measure > 10mm
  2. Atrial measurement > 15mm is considered moderate to marked ventriculomegaly
  3. “Dangling choroid” sign
  4. Dolaron of any part of the ventricular system
107
Q

Sonographic findings of hydroanencephaly

A
  1. Fluid filled cranium
  2. Absent or partial absence of the falx cerebri
  3. Maintained brain stem, basal ganglia and perhaps the thalamus
  4. No identifiable cerebral cortex
108
Q

Sonographic findings of Mega cisterna magna

A
  1. Enlargement of the cisterna magna >10mm in the anterior posterior dimension
  2. Normal cerebellum and fourth ventricle
109
Q

Sonographic findings of schizencephaly

A
  1. Fluid-filled clefts within the cerebrum
  2. Agenesis of the CSP and corpus callosum(50%)
  3. Ventriculomegaly
110
Q

Sonographic findings of porencephaly

A
  1. Cystic mass that communicates with the lateral ventricle
  2. Most often unilateral
111
Q

Sonographic findings of Lissencephaly

A
  1. Lack of sulci and gyri within the cerebrum
112
Q

Sonographic findings of Acrania/Anencephaly

A
  1. Absent cranial vault
  2. Some cerebral tissue may be present
  3. “Froglike” faces or bulging eyes
113
Q

Sonographic findings of Arnold-chiari II malformation

A
  1. Lemon-sign/shaped cranium
  2. Banana sign/shaped cerebellum
  3. Obliterated cisterna magna
  4. Colpocephaly
  5. Enlarged massa intermedia
  6. Hydrocephalus
  7. Open spinal defect
114
Q

Sonographic findings of Aqueductal stenosis

A
  1. Atrium of the lateral ventricle measures > 10mm
  2. Atrial measurement >15mm is considered moderate to marked ventriculomegaly
  3. Dangling choroid sign
  4. Dilation of the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle
115
Q

Sonographic findings of Alobar holoprosencephaly

A
  1. Horseshoe-shaped monoventricle
  2. Fused echogenic thalami
  3. Absence of the CSP interhemisperic fissure, falx cerebri, corpus callosum and 3rd ventricle
  4. Normal cerebellum and brain stem
116
Q

Sonographic findings of Dandy-walker malformation

A
  1. Enlargement of the cisterna magna>10mm in the anteroposterior dimension
  2. Communication of the enlarged cisterna magna with a dilated 4th ventricle
  3. Agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar
  4. Varying degrees of ventriculomegaly
117
Q

Sonographic findings of Agenesis of the corpus callosum and cavum septum pellucidum

A
  1. Partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum and absence of the CSP (after 18 weeks)
  2. “sunburst” sign radial arrangement of the sulci which produces a “spoke wheel” pattern
  3. Colpocephaly-small frontal horns and enlarged occipital horns (teardrop-shaped) lateral ventricles
  4. Elevated and dilated 3rd ventricle
118
Q

Sonographic findings of a choroid plexus cyst

A
  1. Anechoic, round, smooth-walled cyst located within the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle
  2. Measures more than 2mm
119
Q

Sonographic findings of cephaloceles

A
  1. Open cranial defect (typically posterior in location)
  2. Small or obliterated cisterna magna
  3. Complex or simple appearing mass protruding from the cranium
120
Q

Sonographic findings of vein of Galen aneurysm

A
  1. Anechoic mass within the midline of the brain that contains turbulent arterial and venous flow when interrogated with pulsed and color doppler
  2. Fetal hydrops
  3. Cardiomegaly (caused by cardiac overload)

ARRT (Ob/gyn US) (18 decks)

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