Chapter Six

Question 1

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Answer 1

perception

Question 2

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Answer 2

selective awareness

Question 3

the ability to attend to only one voice among many (someones speaks your name)

Answer 3

cocktail party effect

Question 4

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Answer 4

inattentional blindness

Question 5

when a strikingly distinct stimulus draws our eye

Answer 5

pop-out phenomenon

Question 6

a perception, as of visual stimuli that represent what is perceived in a way different from reality

Answer 6

illusions

Question 7

the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

Answer 7

visual capture

Question 8

an organized whole; psychologists emphasized our tendency to inter grate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Answer 8

gestalt

Question 9

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

Answer 9

figure-ground

Question 10

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups (perceived whole differs from the sum of its parts)

Answer 10

grouping

Question 11

we group nearby figures together

Answer 11

proximity

Question 12

we group together figures that are similar to eachother

Answer 12

similarity

Question 13

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

Answer 13

continuity

Question 14

we perceive them as a single unit because they are uniform and linked

Answer 14

connectedness

Question 15

we fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object

Answer 15

closure

Question 16

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

Answer 16

depth perception

Question 17

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

Answer 17

visual cliff

Question 18

depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes

Answer 18

binocular cues

Question 19

a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the difference between the two images, the closer the object

Answer 19

retinal disparity

Question 20

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object -the greater the inward strain, the closer the object

Answer 20

convergence

Question 21

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

Answer 21

monocular cues

Question 22

in judging distance, the one that casts the smaller retinal image is perceived as further away

Answer 22

relative size

Question 23

when the line of vision is blocked; the object blocking the view is closer than the object that is being blocked

Answer 23

interposition

Question 24

because light from distant objects passes though more atmosphere, we perceive hazy objects as farther away that sharp, clear objects

Answer 24

relative clarity

Question 25

a gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance; objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed

Answer 25

texture gradient

Question 26

we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away (ground); we perceive the lower part of the illustration as closer (figure)

Answer 26

relative height

Question 27

your brain uses speed and direction clues to compute the objects' relative distances; the nearer the object the faster it seems to move

Answer 27

relative motion

Question 28

parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance; the more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance

Answer 28

linear perspective

Question 29

given two identical objects, the dimmer one seems farther away; nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes

Answer 29

light and shadow

Question 30

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Answer 30

phi phenomenon

Question 31

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

Answer 31

perceptual constancy

Question 32

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or eve inverted visual field

Answer 32

perceptual adaptation

Question 33

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not antoher

Answer 33

perceptual set

Question 34

a brand of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Answer 34

human factor psychology

Question 35

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

Answer 35

extrasensory perception (ESP)

Question 36

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

Answer 36

parapsychology

Question 37

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information; starts when we are born & changes throughout development

Answer 37

schema

Question 38

perception of movement by our brain when a series of images that change slightly are presented in rapid succession

Answer 38

stroboscopic movement

Question 39

visual field is blocked momentarily; then unable to notice change in visual field (painting & map guys switch)

Answer 39

change blindness

Question 40

unable to notice a slight change in the auditory field

Answer 40

change deafness

Question 41

people are blind to their own choices and preferences

Answer 41

choice blindness

Question 42

the influence of environmental factors on ones perception of a stimulus (word recognition, learning ability, memory, object recognition)

Answer 42

context effects