Chapter Nine : Part One Flashcards

1
Q

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

A

flashbulb memory

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2
Q

the processing of information into the memory system

A

encoding

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3
Q

the retention of encoded information over time

A

storage

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4
Q

the process of getting information out of memory storage

A

retrieval

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5
Q

the immediate, very brief, recording of sensory information in the memory system

A

sensory memory

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6
Q

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

A

short-term memory

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7
Q

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, kills, and experience

A

long-term memory

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8
Q

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from King-term memory

A

working memory

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9
Q

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of week learned information, such as word meanings

A

automatic processing

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10
Q

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

A

effortful processing

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11
Q

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

A

rehearsal

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12
Q

A the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

A

spacing effect

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13
Q

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

A

serial position effect

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14
Q

the encoding of picture images

A

visual encoding

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15
Q

the encoding of sound, especially sound of words

A

acoustic encoding

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16
Q

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

A

semantic encoding

17
Q

especially good recall for information we can relate to ourselves

A

self-reference effect

18
Q

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

19
Q

recalling the high points while forgetting the mundane moments

A

rosy retrospection

20
Q

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

21
Q

orators imagined themselves icing through a familiar series of locations, associate each place with a visual representation of the to-be-remembered topic; while speaking, they would mentally revisit each location and retrieve the associated image

A

method of loci

22
Q

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

23
Q

composed of a few broad concepts divided no subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

A

hierarchies

24
Q

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

25
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasing no more than a few tenths of a second
iconic memory
26
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
echoic memory
27
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
long-term potentiation (LTP)
28
the loss of memory
amesia
29
retention independent of conscious recollection
implicit memory
30
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
explicit memory
31
explicit memories for facts and episodes are process in this part of the brain; then fed to other brain regions for storage
hippocampus
32
this part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories
cerebellum
33
he called the recall capacity for short-term memory the Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two
George Miller