Chapter Nine : Part One

Question 1

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 1

flashbulb memory

Question 2

the processing of information into the memory system

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

the retention of encoded information over time

Answer 3

storage

Question 4

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 4

retrieval

Question 5

the immediate, very brief, recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 5

sensory memory

Question 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 6

short-term memory

Question 7

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, kills, and experience

Answer 7

long-term memory

Question 8

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from King-term memory

Answer 8

working memory

Question 9

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of week learned information, such as word meanings

Answer 9

automatic processing

Question 10

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 10

effortful processing

Question 11

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Answer 11

rehearsal

Question 12

A the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 12

spacing effect

Question 13

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Answer 13

serial position effect

Question 14

the encoding of picture images

Answer 14

visual encoding

Question 15

the encoding of sound, especially sound of words

Answer 15

acoustic encoding

Question 16

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

Answer 16

semantic encoding

Question 17

especially good recall for information we can relate to ourselves

Answer 17

self-reference effect

Question 18

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

Answer 18

imagery

Question 19

recalling the high points while forgetting the mundane moments

Answer 19

rosy retrospection

Question 20

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 20

mnemonics

Question 21

orators imagined themselves icing through a familiar series of locations, associate each place with a visual representation of the to-be-remembered topic; while speaking, they would mentally revisit each location and retrieve the associated image

Answer 21

method of loci

Question 22

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 22

chunking

Question 23

composed of a few broad concepts divided no subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Answer 23

hierarchies

Question 24

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Answer 24

memory

Question 25

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasing no more than a few tenths of a second

Answer 25

iconic memory

Question 26

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Answer 26

echoic memory

Question 27

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 27

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 28

the loss of memory

Answer 28

amesia

Question 29

retention independent of conscious recollection

Answer 29

implicit memory

Question 30

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Answer 30

explicit memory

Question 31

explicit memories for facts and episodes are process in this part of the brain; then fed to other brain regions for storage

Answer 31

hippocampus

Question 32

this part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories

Answer 32

cerebellum

Question 33

he called the recall capacity for short-term memory the Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two

Answer 33

George Miller