Chapter Nine : Part One Flashcards
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
flashbulb memory
the processing of information into the memory system
encoding
the retention of encoded information over time
storage
the process of getting information out of memory storage
retrieval
the immediate, very brief, recording of sensory information in the memory system
sensory memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, kills, and experience
long-term memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from King-term memory
working memory
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of week learned information, such as word meanings
automatic processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
effortful processing
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
rehearsal
A the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
spacing effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
serial position effect
the encoding of picture images
visual encoding
the encoding of sound, especially sound of words
acoustic encoding
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
semantic encoding
especially good recall for information we can relate to ourselves
self-reference effect
mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
imagery
recalling the high points while forgetting the mundane moments
rosy retrospection
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
mnemonics
orators imagined themselves icing through a familiar series of locations, associate each place with a visual representation of the to-be-remembered topic; while speaking, they would mentally revisit each location and retrieve the associated image
method of loci
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
chunking
composed of a few broad concepts divided no subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
hierarchies
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasing no more than a few tenths of a second
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
echoic memory
an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
long-term potentiation (LTP)
the loss of memory
amesia
retention independent of conscious recollection
implicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”
explicit memory
explicit memories for facts and episodes are process in this part of the brain; then fed to other brain regions for storage
hippocampus
this part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories
cerebellum
he called the recall capacity for short-term memory the Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two
George Miller
