Chapter Four : Part Two

Question 1

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Answer 1

critical period

Question 2

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Answer 2

imprinting

Question 3

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Answer 3

basic trust

Question 4

a sense of one’s identity and personal worth

Answer 4

self-concept

Question 5

parents that impose rules ad expect obedience

Answer 5

authoritarian parents

Question 6

parents that submit to their children’s desires, make few demands, and use little punishment

Answer 6

permissive parents

Question 7

parents that are both demanding and responsive; they set rules and enforce them but also explain their purpose

Answer 7

authoritative parents

Question 8

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Answer 8

adolescence

Question 9

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Answer 9

puberty

Question 10

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible; ovaries, testes, and external genitalia

Answer 10

primary sex characteristics

Question 11

non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Answer 11

secondary sex characteristics

Question 12

the first menstrual period

Answer 12

menarche

Question 13

he sought to describe the development of moral reasoning; considering right from wrong; posed moral dilemmas

Answer 13

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 14

before age 9, most children have a morality of self-interest; they obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards

Answer 14

preconventional morality

Question 15

by early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are laws and rules

Answer 15

conventional morality

Question 16

some of those who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought may come to a third level; affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles

Answer 16

postconventional morality

Question 17

one’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Answer 17

identity

Question 18

his psychosocial development theory helps explain development from birth to death using 8 stages

Answer 18

Erik Erikson

Question 19

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Answer 19

intimacy

Question 20

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experience as her ability to reproduce declines

Answer 20

menopause

Question 21

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

Answer 21

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 22

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Answer 22

cross-sectional study

Question 23

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Answer 23

longitudinal study

Question 24

one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Answer 24

crystallized intelligence

Question 25

one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Answer 25

fluid intelligence

Question 26

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Answer 26

social clock