Chapter Four : Part Two Flashcards
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
critical period
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
imprinting
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
basic trust
a sense of one’s identity and personal worth
self-concept
parents that impose rules ad expect obedience
authoritarian parents
parents that submit to their children’s desires, make few demands, and use little punishment
permissive parents
parents that are both demanding and responsive; they set rules and enforce them but also explain their purpose
authoritative parents
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
adolescence
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
puberty
the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible; ovaries, testes, and external genitalia
primary sex characteristics
non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
secondary sex characteristics
the first menstrual period
menarche
he sought to describe the development of moral reasoning; considering right from wrong; posed moral dilemmas
Lawrence Kohlberg
before age 9, most children have a morality of self-interest; they obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards
preconventional morality
by early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are laws and rules
conventional morality
some of those who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought may come to a third level; affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles
postconventional morality
one’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
identity
his psychosocial development theory helps explain development from birth to death using 8 stages
Erik Erikson
in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
intimacy
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experience as her ability to reproduce declines
menopause
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
Alzheimer’s disease
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
cross-sectional study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
longitudinal study
one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
crystallized intelligence
one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
fluid intelligence
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
social clock
