Chapter Seven Flashcards
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
consciousness
periodic physiological fluctuations
biological rhythms
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle; temperature and wakefulness
circadian rhythm
rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active
REM sleep
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
alpha waves
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
sleep
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an eternal visual stimulus
hallucinations
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
delta waves
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
insomnia
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur in stage four of sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
night terrors
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind, they are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it
dream
dream theory that states that dreams provide a “psychic safety valve” - expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest content and a deeper layer of latent content
Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment
dream theory that states that dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories
Information Processing
dream theory that states that regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
Physiological Function
dream theory that states that REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
Activation-Synthesis
dream theory that states that dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding
Cognitive Theory
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
manifest content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
latent content
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
REM rebound
a social integration in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
hypnosis
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
posthypnotic suggestion
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
dissociation
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
psychoactive drug
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the same effect
tolerance
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
withdrawal
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdraw, symptoms when the drug is discontinued
physical dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
psychological dependence
compulsive drug craving and use
addiction
drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions (alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates)
depressants
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
barbiturates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
opiates
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions (such as caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy)
stimulants
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
amphetamines
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
methamphetamine
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, produced euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition
ecstasy (MDMA)
psychedelic drugs, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the a sense of sensory input (LSD)
hallucinogens
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
LSD
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects. Including mild hallucinations
THC
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
near-death experience
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
dualism
the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing
monism
theory states that hypnotic behavior can be associated with other altered states beside hypnosis
social influence theory
supposed ability to relive childhood experiences
age regression
