Chapter Seven

Question 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

periodic physiological fluctuations

Answer 2

biological rhythms

Question 3

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle; temperature and wakefulness

Answer 3

circadian rhythm

Question 4

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active

Answer 4

REM sleep

Question 5

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Answer 5

alpha waves

Question 6

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Answer 6

sleep

Question 7

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an eternal visual stimulus

Answer 7

hallucinations

Question 8

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Answer 8

delta waves

Question 9

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Answer 9

insomnia

Question 10

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

Answer 10

narcolepsy

Question 11

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Answer 11

sleep apnea

Question 12

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur in stage four of sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

Answer 12

night terrors

Question 13

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind, they are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

Answer 13

dream

Question 14

dream theory that states that dreams provide a “psychic safety valve” - expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest content and a deeper layer of latent content

Answer 14

Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment

Question 15

dream theory that states that dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

Answer 15

Information Processing

Question 16

dream theory that states that regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

Answer 16

Physiological Function

Question 17

dream theory that states that REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

Answer 17

Activation-Synthesis

Question 18

dream theory that states that dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding

Answer 18

Cognitive Theory

Question 19

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

Answer 19

manifest content

Question 20

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Answer 20

latent content

Question 21

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Answer 21

REM rebound

Question 22

a social integration in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Answer 22

hypnosis

Question 23

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Answer 23

posthypnotic suggestion

Question 24

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Answer 24

dissociation

Question 25

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

Answer 25

psychoactive drug

Question 26

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the same effect

Answer 26

tolerance

Question 27

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Answer 27

withdrawal

Question 28

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdraw, symptoms when the drug is discontinued

Answer 28

physical dependence

Question 29

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Answer 29

psychological dependence

Question 30

compulsive drug craving and use

Answer 30

addiction

Question 31

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions (alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates)

Answer 31

depressants

Question 32

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Answer 32

barbiturates

Question 33

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Answer 33

opiates

Question 34

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions (such as caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy)

Answer 34

stimulants

Question 35

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Answer 35

amphetamines

Question 36

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Answer 36

methamphetamine

Question 37

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, produced euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition

Answer 37

ecstasy (MDMA)

Question 38

psychedelic drugs, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the a sense of sensory input (LSD)

Answer 38

hallucinogens

Question 39

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

Answer 39

LSD

Question 40

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects. Including mild hallucinations

Answer 40

THC

Question 41

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Answer 41

near-death experience

Question 42

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Answer 42

dualism

Question 43

the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

Answer 43

monism

Question 44

theory states that hypnotic behavior can be associated with other altered states beside hypnosis

Answer 44

social influence theory

Question 45

supposed ability to relive childhood experiences

Answer 45

age regression