Chapter Eight : Part One

Question 1

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

learning that certain events occur together, the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)

Answer 2

associative learning

Question 3

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli, a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Answer 4

behaviorism

Question 5

in classical conditioning , the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus; such as salvation when food is in the mouth

Answer 5

unconditioned response (UR)

Question 6

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response

Answer 6

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 7

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Answer 7

conditioned response (CR)

Question 8

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 8

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 9

initially studied the digestive system; while studying salivary secretion in dogs, he noticed that they would invariably salivate when food was put in their mouths

Answer 9

Ivan Pavlov

Question 10

stimulus that does not elicit any response

Answer 10

neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 11

the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response, in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Answer 11

acquisition

Question 12

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 12

extinction

Question 13

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 13

spontaneous recovery

Question 14

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Answer 14

generalizaion

Question 15

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 15

discrimination

Question 16

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Answer 16

taste aversion

Question 17

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Answer 17

John Garcia

Question 18

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Answer 18

B. F. Skinner

Question 19

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Answer 19

Edward L. Thorndike

Question 20

a type of earning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 20

operant conditioning

Question 21

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

Answer 21

respondent behavior

Question 22

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 22

operant behavior

Question 23

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Answer 23

law of effect

Question 24

a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research

Answer 24

operant chamber

Question 25

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 25

shaping