Chapter Four : Part One

Question 1

branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Answer 1

developmental psychology

Question 2

the fertilized egg; it entersa two week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Answer 2

zygote

Question 3

the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month

Answer 3

embryo

Question 4

the developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth

Answer 4

fetus

Question 5

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Answer 5

teratogens

Question 6

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking; in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

Answer 6

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 7

a baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

Answer 7

rooting reflex

Question 8

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visuals stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Answer 8

habituation

Question 9

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Answer 9

maturation

Question 10

?

Answer 10

Jean Piaget

Question 11

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Answer 11

schema

Question 12

interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas

Answer 12

assimilation

Question 13

adapting one’s currents understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Answer 13

accomodation

Question 14

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 14

cognition

Question 15

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Answer 15

sensorimotor stage

Question 16

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 16

object permanence

Question 17

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Answer 17

preoperational stage

Question 18

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Answer 18

conservation

Question 19

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Answer 19

egocentrism

Question 20

people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

Answer 20

theory of mind

Question 21

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

Answer 21

autism

Question 22

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about age 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Answer 22

concrete operational stage

Question 23

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Answer 23

formal operational stage

Question 24

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Answer 24

stranger anxiety

Question 25

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Answer 25

attachment

Question 26

children are comfortable with mother in presence, but when she leaves they distress and seek comfort from her upon returning

Answer 26

secure attachment

Question 27

cling to their mother, when she leaves they cry loudly and remain upset upon her returning

Answer 27

insecure attachment

Question 28

?

Answer 28

Mary Ainsworth