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Nakama 2 > Chapter One Grammar > Flashcards

Chapter One Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Potential form of verbs DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

The potential form of verbs expresses what a person CAN DO or WHAT IS POSSIBLE. The direct object particle を is replaced by が when the verb is in the potential form.

NOTE Potential forms of all verbs conjugate as る-verbs

NOTE There is no potential form for 分かる

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2
Q

かたが痛いくて手がうごかせません。

A

My shoulder hurts and I cannot move my hand.

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3
Q

歯が痛くて寝（ね）られなかったんです。

A

I had a toothache, so I couldn’t sleep.

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4
Q

そうですか。それは大変ですね。

A

Is that so? I’m sorry to hear that (lit., That is awful/terrible, isn’t it)

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5
Q

右手が上げられますか。

A

Can you raise your right hand?

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6
Q

はい、上げられます。

A

Yes, I can.

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7
Q

じゃあ、左手はどうですか。

A

How about the left hand?

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8
Q

痛くて、上げられません。

A

It’s too painful to raise.

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9
Q

る-verbs potential form rule:

A

Replace る with られる.

In conversation, ら in られる can be omitted.

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10
Q

る-verbs dictionary form to potential PLAIN PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE form:

A

忘れる (to forget) ー＞ 忘れられる (can forget)
起きる (to wake up) ー＞ 起きられる (can wake up)
つける (to put on) ー＞ つけられる (can put on)

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11
Q

る-verbs dictionary form to potential PLAIN PRESENT NEGATIVE form:

A

忘れる (to forget) ー＞ 忘れらない (cannot forget)
起きる (to wake up) ー＞ 起きられない (cannot wake up)
つける (to put on) ー＞ つけられない (cannot put on)

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12
Q

る-verbs dictionary form to potential POLITE PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE form.

A

忘れる (to forget) ー＞ 忘れられます (can forget)
起きる (to wake up) ー＞ 起きられます (can wake up)
つける (to put on) ー＞ つけられます (can put on)

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13
Q

る-verbs dictionary form to potential POLITE PRESENT NEGATIVE form.

A

忘れる (to forget) ー＞ 忘れられません (cannot forget)
起きる (to wake up) ー＞起きられません (cannot wake up)
つける (to put on) ー＞つけられません (cannot put on)

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14
Q

る-verbs dictionary form to potential PLAIN PAST AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE form:

A

寝る (to sleep) ー＞ 寝られた (could sleep)

寝る (to sleep) ー＞ 寝られなかった (could not sleep)

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15
Q

る-verbs dictionary from to POTENTIAL て-form

A

寝る (to sleep) ー＞ 寝られて (can (currently) sleep)

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16
Q

う-verbs potential form rule:

A

Change /u/ sound in the dictionary form to /e/ る.

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17
Q

う-verbs dictionary form to potential PLAIN PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE form:

A

すう (to inhale) ー＞ すえる (can inhale)
走る (to run) ー＞ 走れる (can run)
うごかす (to move |something|) ー＞ うごかせる (can move |something|)
休む (to rest) ー＞ 休める (can rest)

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18
Q

う-verbs dictionary form to potential PLAIN PRESENT NEGATIVE form:

A

すう (to inhale) ー＞ すえない (cannot inhale)
走る (to run) ー＞ 走れない (cannot run)
うごかす (to move |something|) ー＞ うごかせない (cannot move |something|)
休む (to rest) ー＞ 休めない (cannot rest)

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19
Q

う-verbs dictionary form to potential POLITE PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE form:

A

すう (to inhale) ー＞ すえます (can inhale)
走る (to run) ー＞ 走れます (can run)
うごかす (to move |something|) ー＞ おごかせます (can move |something|)
休む (to rest) ー＞ 休めます (can rest)

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20
Q

う-verbs dictionary form to potential POLITE PRESENT NEGATIVE form:

A

すう (to inhale) ー＞ すえません (cannot inhale)
走る (to run) ー＞ 走れません (cannot run)
うごかす (to move |something|) ー＞ うごかせません (cannot move |something|)
休む (to rest) ー＞ 休めません (cannot rest)

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21
Q

う-verbs dictionary form to PLAIN PAST AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE form:

A

飲む (to drink) ー＞ 飲めた (could drink)

飲む (to drink) ー＞ 飲めなかった (could not drink)

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22
Q

う-verbs dictionary form to POTENTIAL て-form

A

飲む (to drink) ー＞ 飲めて (can (currently) drink)

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23
Q

Irregular verb dictionary form to potential PLAIN PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE form:

A

する (to do) ー＞ 出来る (can do)

来る (to come) ー＞ 来られる (can come)

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24
Q

Irregular verb dictionary form to potential PLAIN PRESENT NEGATIVE form:

A

する (to do) ー＞ 出来ない (cannot do)

来る (to come) ー＞ 来られない (cannot come)

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25
Q

Irregular verb dictionary form to potential POLITE PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE form:

A

する (to do) ー＞ 出来ます (can do)

来る (to come) ー＞ 来られます (can come)

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26
Q

Irregular verb dictionary form to potential POLITE PRESENT NEGATIVE form:

A

する (to do) ー＞ 出来ません (cannot do)

来る (to come) ー＞ 来られません (cannot come)

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27
Q

Irregular verb dictionary form to potential PLAIN PAST AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE form:

A

する (to do) ー＞ 出来た (could do)
する (to do) ー＞ 出来なかった (could not do)
来る (to come) ー＞ 来られた (could come)
来る (to come) ー＞ 来られなかった (could not come)

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28
Q

Irregular verb dictionary form to POTENTIAL て-form:

A

する (to do) ー＞ 出来て (can (currently) do)

来る (to come) ー＞ 来られて (can (currently) come)

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29
Q

〜すぎる DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

Implies that something is EXCESSIVE.

Added after the STEM of a verb, い-adjective, or な-adjective

NOTE The correct form for いい when used with すぎる is よすぎる.

NOTE すぎる itself is a る-verb and follows the conjugation pattern of る-verbs.

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30
Q

薬をつけすぎました。

A

I applied too much medicine.

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31
Q

寝すぎました。

A

I slept too much.

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32
Q

山本さんは話しすぎる。

A

Mr./Mrs. Yamamoto talks too much.

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33
Q

このけがはひどすぎる。

A

This injury is incredibly serious.

34
Q

このレモンはすっぱすぎる。

A

This lemon is too sour.

35
Q

あの人は元気すぎる。

A

That person is too hyper.

36
Q

このしごとは大変すぎる。

A

This job is too tough.

37
Q

勉強をしすぎる/すぎます

A

does study too much

38
Q

勉強をしすぎない/すぎません

A

does not study too much

39
Q

歩きすぎて、足が痛いんです。

A

I walked too much, so my feet hurt.

40
Q

いや、痛いすぎて、くつがはけません。

A

No, it hurts too much to put on my shoes.

41
Q

〜たらどうですか DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

Used for making SUGGESTIONS or GIVING ADVICE (WEAKER than 〜ほうがいいです)

TRANSLATION: (How about doing 〜, why don’t you 〜).

Add どうですか to the CONDITIONAL FORM of the verb (〜たら; made by using the plain past affirmative form + ら)

Using でしょうか instead of ですか softens the entire expression and makes it sound more polite.

42
Q

よこ (横) になったらどうですか。

A

Maybe you should lie down? (How about lying down?)

43
Q

アルバイトをやめたらどうですか。

A

How about quitting your part-time job?

44
Q

薬を飲んだらどう？

A

How about taking some medicine?

45
Q

少し休んだらどう？

A

Why don’t you take a rest?

46
Q

〜たほう (方) がいいです/〜ない方がいいです DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:　　　

A

The PLAIN PAST AFFIRMATIVE or PLAIN PRESENT NEGATIVE of a verb with ほうがいいです means *you should” or “should not do 〜” (lit. IT’S BETTER TO / IT’S BETTER NOT TO)

47
Q

バスにのって方がいいです。

A

It’s better to ride the bus. (You should ride the bus.)

48
Q

バスにのらない方がいいです。

A

It’s better not to ride the bus. (You shouldn’t ride the bus)

49
Q

薬をつけた方がいいです。

A

It’s better to apply some medicine. (You should apply some medicine.)

50
Q

薬をつけない方がいいです。

A

It’s better not to apply any medicine. (You shouldn’t apply any medicine).

51
Q

〜ないで下さい DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

The NEGATIVE FORM of a verb + で下さい expresses a POLITE NEGATIVE REQUEST.

In casual speech, 下さい is dropped.

52
Q

かぜ (風邪) のしょうじょうがあるんですか。やあ、お風呂に入らないで下さい。

A

You have cold symptoms? In that case, don’t take a bath.

53
Q

病気の時は、家えゆっくり休んで下さい。

A

When you’re sick, go home and rest up.

54
Q

こし (腰) が痛いんですか。じゃあ、うごかないで下さい。　

A

You have a backache? Then keep still and don’t move around!

55
Q

つかれているんだから、むりをしないで。

A

You’re tired, so don’t overdo things.

56
Q

かさをも (持) って行くのを忘れないで。

A

Don’t forget to bring your umbrella.

57
Q

〜てはいけない/はだめ DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

Indicates that SOMETHING IS NOT ALLOWED. This structure is commonly used to talk about RULES.

て-form of verbs or adjectives + はいけない/はだめ

The colloquial form of 〜てはいけない is 〜ちゃ/じゃいけない or 〜ちゃ/じゃだめ.

58
Q

このへやに一人で入ってはいけません。

A

You must not enter this room by yourself.

59
Q

学校を休んではいけません。

A

You must not be absent from school.

60
Q

レポートを忘れたりおそく出したりしてはだめだよ。

A

You must not forget your paper or turn it in late.

61
Q

おそくまで起きていちゃだめです。

A

You are not allowed to stay up late.

62
Q

だれともあそんじゃいけないよ。

A

You must not play with anyone.

63
Q

今でんき (電気) をつけちゃだめだよ。

A

You are not allowed to turn on the lights now.

64
Q

お酒飲んでるから、うんでんしちゃだめよ。

A

No, you’ve shouldn’t drive because you’ve been drinking alcohol.

65
Q

る-verbs conjugation for 〜てはいけない and definition:

A

いる (to stay) ー＞ must not stay

いではいけない/ではだめ
いちゃいけない/ちゃだめ

66
Q

う-verbs conjugation for 〜てはいけない and definition:

A

休む (to rest) ー＞ must not rest

休んではいけない/ではだめ
休んじゃいけない/じゃだめ

67
Q

Irregular verbs conjugation for 〜てはいけない and definition:

A

来る (to come) ー＞ must not come

来てはいけない/てはだめ
来ちゃいけない/ちゃだめ

する (to do) ー＞ must not do

してはいけない/てはだめ
しちゃいけない/ちゃだめ

68
Q

い-adjective conjugation for 〜てはいけない and definition:

A

よわい (weak) ー＞ must not be weak

よわくてはいけない/くてはだめ
よわくちゃいけない/くちゃだめ

69
Q

な-adjective conjugation for 〜てはいけない and definition:

A

きらいだ (dislike) ー＞ must not dislike

きらいではいけない/ではだめ
きらいじゃいけない/じゃだめ

70
Q

Copula verb conjugation for 〜てはいけない and definition:

A

この薬だ (this medicine) ー＞ must not be this medicine

この薬ではいけない/ではだめ
この薬じゃいめない/じゃだめ

71
Q

〜てはいけない NOTES: How to answer questions using 〜てはいけない:

A

When answering a question with the て-form + 〜はいけませんか/だめですか, use ええ、いけません/だめです to prohibit an action. use いいえ、いいです to permit the action

72
Q

〜てもいいですか DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

Used to ASK FOR PERMISSION.

て-form + もいいですか/もいいでしょうか/もかまいませんか

〜てもいいでしょうか is more tentative and thus more polite than 〜てもいいですか, but it can also be used toward someone in one’s peer group.

〜てもかまいませんか is just as polite as 〜てもいいでしょうか. Even though it ends in negative, the way you answer is the same as 〜てもいいでしょうか.

73
Q

走ってもいいですか/走ってもいい？

A

Is it okay for me to run/jog? (more casual)

74
Q

走ってもいいでしょうか/走ってもいい?

A

May I run/jog?

75
Q

走ってもかまいませんか/走ってもかまわない？

A

May I run/jog?

76
Q

先生、今日は早くかえって (帰って) もいいでしょうか。

A

Professor, may I go home early today?

77
Q

気持ちがわるくて、はきそうなんです。

A

I don’t feel good; I feel like I’m going to vomit.

78
Q

そうですか。じゃあ、今すぐ帰ってもいいですよ。

A

Oh, is that so? Well, you may go home right away then.

79
Q

How to say no to requests:

A

As in many other countries, the Japanese tend to avoid direct statements of prohibition such as “No, you may not” and use instead phrases such as:

すみませんが、ちょっと。I am sorry.

ええっと、すれはちょっと。Well, that would be a bit…

すみません、それはちょっとこまります。I am sorry. That would be a little troublesome.

In such situations, the work ちょっと serves to deflect whatever tension may arise from withholding permission. It also saves the respondent from spelling out his/her reasons for denying permission.

80
Q

How to say yes to a request:

A

The following are common ways to respond positively to a request:

はい/ええ、どうぞ。Yes, please go ahead.

はい/ええ、かまいません/かまわない（よ）。That’s fine. I don’t mind.

ええ、もちろん。Yes, of course.

Although はい、いいです is grammatically correct, it would only be used when a superior is granting permission to a social inferior.

Nakama 2 (34 decks)

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