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Nakama 2 > Chapter 10 Grammar > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Expressing complaints using the causative-passive form DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

CAUSATIVE FORM + PASSIVE

A causative-passive sentence is a direct passive where CAUSEE = SUBJECT and CAUSER = AGENT of the action.

Viewpoint = CAUSEE

USAGE: The subject (CAUSEE) is ALWAYS FORCED to do something by the agent (CAUSER)

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2
Q

Causative-passive form CONJUGATION (general):

A

CAUSITIVE FORM + PASSIVE FORM

Causitive (long) endings conjugate as る verbs, and so do passive endings.

FOR LONG ENDINGS: Replace る in せる to られる

FOR SHORT ENDINGS: Replace す with される

う-verbs ending in す normally do not use the short form

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3
Q

Causative-passive form CONJUGATION: る-verbs:

A

かたづける (to organize) ー＞ かたづけさせる ー＞ かたづけさせられる

かける (to lock) ー＞ かけさせる ー＞ かけさせられる

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4
Q

Causative-passive form CONJUGATION: う-verbs:

A

ひく (to play (the piano)) ー＞ ひかせる OR ひかす ー＞ ひかせられる OR ひかされる

習う (to learn) ー＞ 習わせる OR 習わす ー＞ 習わせられる OR 習わされる

話す (to speak) ー＞ 話さす ー＞ 話させられる

** う-verbs ending in す normally do not use the short form**

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5
Q

Causative-passive form CONJUGATION: Irregular verbs

A

来る (to come) ー＞ こさせる ー＞ こさせられる

注意する (to warn) ー＞ 注意させる ー＞ 注意させられる

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6
Q

Causative-passive form NOTE: Use て + もらう／いただく

A

Use て + もらう／いただく if the subject IS BEING ALLOWED to do something by the causer.

私は両親にピアノを習わせてもらった。My parents let me learn piano. (lit.: I was allowed to learn piano by my parents.)

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7
Q

Causative-passive form SENTENCE STRUCTURE:

A

Subject (causee) = COMES FIRST; marked with は

Agent (causer) = COMES SECOND; marked with に

Action = COMES LAST: 〜 を CAUSATIVE-PASSIVE ENDING

When the causer is understood from the context, it can be omitted.

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8
Q

子供の時、毎朝運動させられた。

A

I was forced to do exerise every morning when I was a child.

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9
Q

子供の時、毎日部屋をかたづけさせられた。

A

I was made to clean up my room every day when I was a child.

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10
Q

家の子供には、いつも心配させられる。

A

My child makes me worry all the time. (lit.: I am made to worry about my child all the time.)

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11
Q

小学校の時、先生に日記をつけさせられました。

A

I was made to write a diary by my teacher when I was in elementary school.

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12
Q

Requesting efforts to change behavior using 〜ように言う／たのみ／おねがいする／注意する DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

PLAIN PRESENT FORM + ように言う／たのみ／おねがいする／注意する

Used to request or tell someone to make the behavior change expressed by the verb phrase.

To TELL/ASK (someone) TO MAKE AN EFFORT TO 〜 or to make an effort NOT TO 〜.

Alternative to quotation form 〜と + 言う／たのみ／おねがいする／注意する

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13
Q

かぎをかけるように言った。VS

「かぎをかけて下さい。」と言う。

A

I told (someone) to lock the door. VS

I said “please lock the door.”

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14
Q

からかわないように言った／注意した。VS

からかってはいけないと言った／注意した。

A

I told/warned (someone) not to tease.

I told/warned (someone) that they must not tease.

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15
Q

「からかわないで下さい。」と言った。VS

「からかってはいけませんよ。」と言った。

A

I said, “Don’t tease.”

I said, “You must not tease.”

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16
Q

先生は、時間におくれないように言った。

A

The teacher told us not to be late.

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17
Q

大家さんは私に早くひっこすように言った。

A

The landlord told me to move soon.

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18
Q

弟は字がきたないので、母は男に習字を習うように言った。

A

My brother has poor handwriting, so my mother told him to learn caligraphy.

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19
Q

スミスさんにパーティでピアノをひくようにおねがいした。

A

Mr. Smith was asked to play the piano at the party.

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20
Q

Expressing efforts to change behavior using 〜ように: DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

PLAIN PRESENT FORM + ように = “TO MAKE AN EFFORT TO DO 〜”

Used to express trying to change a certain behavior for a prolonged period of time.

交通事故に気をつけるようにします。I will try to be careful about traffic accidents.

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21
Q

かぎをかけるようにします。

A

I will try (to remember) to lock the door.

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22
Q

あまり遊ばないようにします。

A

I will try not to goof off so much.

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23
Q

夜中にさわがないようにしてくれませんか。

A

Please try to not make noise in the middle of the night.

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24
Q

きたない部屋ね。少しかたづけるようにしたらどう。

A

What a messy room. Why don’t you make an effort to tidy it up a bit?

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25
Q

赤ちゃんが寝ているから、大きい声を出さないようにして下さい。

A

Please try not to raise your voice because the baby is sleeping.

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26
Q

火曜日の朝ゴミを出すようにした方がいいですよ。

A

You should try to take the trash out every Tuesday morning.

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27
Q

ここは、横断歩道じゃないんだから、わたらないようにして下さい。

A

Please don’t cross the street here because it is not a crosswalk.

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28
Q

〜ように NOTES: ようにします VS ようにしています:

A

ようにします = INTENDS to make an effort

ようにしています = ALREADY making an effort = “I make it a RULE to 〜”

ようにする is also often used to make a complaint.

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29
Q

Expressing unchanged conditions using 〜まま: DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

まま = NOUN that literally means AS IT IS, leave 〜 as it is, or REMAIN UNCHANGED.

It is often DIFFICULT TO TRANSLATE a sentence with まま LITERALLY BECAUSE it can be expressed in a variety of ways in English.

まどを開けたまま、寝てしまった。I slept with the window open. (the speaker opened the window, and it was left open when he or she went to bed).

そのまま来て下さい。Please come as you are. (come without making any change to your appearence or physical state).

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30
Q

まま FORMATION with verbs, い-adjectives, な-adjectives, and nouns:

A

VERBS: (plain PAST AFFIRMATIVE) + まま; (plain PRESENT NEGATIVE) + まま

  • おこったまま (stay angry)
  • かたづけないまま (left unorganized)

い-ADJECTIVES: 〜い + まま
- きたないまま (left dirty)

な-ADJECTIVES: 〜な + まま

  • きれいなまま (stay nice)
  • 正直なまま (stay honest)

NOUNS: 〜の + まま

  • 知り合いのまま (remain an acquaintance)
  • このまま (stay as things are for now)
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31
Q

このままお持ち下さい。

A

Wait (just as you are), please.

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32
Q

いつまでも、子供のままではいられない。

A

You can’t stay a child forever.

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33
Q

この家は今のままでは売れないと思う。

A

I don’t think this house will sell as it is.

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34
Q

父はよこになったまま、ずっと寝ている。

A

My father has been sleeping in the same position he was in when he lay down.

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35
Q

大人になっても、せがひくいまま変わらない。

A

Even though I’ve become an adult, I’m still as short as I always was.

36
Q

このトマト、青いままで、全然赤くならない。

A

This tomato has just stayed green without getting red at all.

37
Q

好きなまま、何も言わなければ、何も起きないよ。

A

Nothing will happen if you keep your feelings of love to yourself and never say anything.

38
Q

何が起きたか分からないまま、ここに来た。

A

I came here without having any idea of what happened.

39
Q

Using the CONDITIONAL 〜 ても, even if, even though: DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

The CONDITIONAL ても expresses future and hypothetical conditions.

EVEN IF 〜, EVEN THOUGH 〜

好きな人なら、お金がなくても、結婚します。If I loved a person, I would love him EVEN IF he didn’t have any money.

The て-form of a verb, adjective, or copular verb can be used in the でも conditional.

〜ても can also be used with a factual situation. IN THIS CASE, 〜ても MAY BE REPLACED BY 〜けれど or 〜が, but ても implies a stronger affective involvement.

This in turn means that けれど or が CANNOT BE REPLACED WITH ても if the speaker is NOT expressing a strong emotion OR when けれど or が has been used to INTRODUCE A TOPIC.

40
Q

お金がなくても、しあわせです。VS

お金がないけれど、しあわせです。VS

お金がありませんが、しあわせです。

A

I am happy even though I don’t have any money. VS

I am happy though I don’t have any money. VS

I don’t have any money, but I am happy.

41
Q

日本語は話せないけれど、日本の映画を見に行きました。VS

日本語は話せませんが、日本の映画を見に行きました。VS

＊＊日本語は話せなくても、日本の映画を見に行きました。＊＊ DON’T USE THIS

A

I don’t speak Japanese but I went to see a Japanese movie. VS

I don’t speak Japanese but I went to see a Japanese movie. VS

I went to see a Japanese movie even though I did not speak Japanese.

42
Q

宿題ですけど、明日出してもいいですか。VS

宿題ですが、明日出してもいいですか。VS.

＊＊宿題でも、あしただしてもいいえすか。＊＊ DON’T USE THIS

A

Regarding the homework, can I turn it in tomorrow?

Regarding the homework, can I turn it in tomorrow?

Even if it is homework, I can turn it in tomorrow?

43
Q

安くても、きたない所には泊まりたくない。

A

Even if it is cheap, I don’t want to stay in a dirty place.

44
Q

うるさくても、こわいから、何も言えない。

A

Even though he is noisy, I can’t say anything because I’m afraid of him.

45
Q

せがひくくても、足が長いんです。

A

Even though I’m short, I have long legs.

46
Q

それが本当でも、言わないほうがいいと思う。

A

Even if it is true, I don’t think you should say it.

47
Q

なかのいい友達でも、ゆるせなかった。

A

I couldn’t forgive him even though he was a good friend of mine.

48
Q

引っ越しても、私のことを忘れないでくださいね。

A

Please don’t forget me even after you move.

49
Q

相手にたたかれても、おこってはいけない。

A

You should not get angry even if you were hit by the other party.

50
Q

スミスさんがゆるしても、わたしがゆるさない。

A

Even if Mr. Smith forgives you, I won’t.

51
Q

CONDITIONAL ても NOTES: Open condition:

A

To explicitly state that a condition is open, add the adverb たとえ, which also means EVEN IF.

たとえ死んでも、あなたのことは忘れない。I won’t forget you even if I die.

たとえ大人でも、泣きたい時は泣くんだ。Even an adult will cry when he/she wants to.

52
Q

QUESTION WORD 〜ても: DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

When a QUESTION WORD is used with the conditional ても, it means NO MATTER (who/what/when/where/etc.)〜

53
Q

最近何を食べても、おいしい。

A

No matter what I eat recently, it all tastes good.

Probably better translation Recently, no matter what I eat, the food always tastes good.

54
Q

赤ちゃんが何をこわしても、お母さんはおこらない。

A

No matter what the baby breaks, the mother does not get angry.

55
Q

どんな悪口を言っても、相手はいやな顔をしなかった。

A

No matter how many insults I made, he/she did not appear to be affected.

Probably better translation No matter how many insults I made, he/she did not look offended. (lit.: the opponent did not make a disagreeable face)

56
Q

この料理はだれが食べても、おいしくないと言うと思う。

A

No matter who might eat this, I think he/she will say that it’s no good.

57
Q

林さんはだれといても、よく話す。

A

No matter whom she is with, Ms. Hayashi talks a lot.

58
Q

私の大家さんはいつ会っても、気持ちのいい人だ。

A

No matter when I meet him/her, my landlord/landlady is a pleasant person to be around.

59
Q

この店は何曜日に来ても、閉まっている。

A

No matter which day I come, this store is closed.

60
Q

いい物なら、いくら高くても、買いますよ。

A

No matter how expensive it is, I will buy it if it is a quality item.

61
Q

このクッキーは、いくつやいても、すぐ売れてしまう。

A

These cookies sell very quickly no matter how many of them I bake.

62
Q

何歳になっても、好きな人は好きです。

A

I’ll love the person no matter how old he gets.

63
Q

このマンガは何度読んでも、おもしろい。

A

No matter how many times I read it, this manga (cartoon) is still funny.

64
Q

この子は何回しかっても、またいたずらをする。

A

No matter how many times I scold him, this child still gets into mischief.

65
Q

いくら文句を言っても、だれも助けてくれない。

A

No matter how much I complain, no one will help me.

66
Q

いくら泣いても、だめなものはだめ。

A

No matter how much you cry, no is no.

67
Q

いくら勉強しても、漢字が覚えられないんです。

A

No matter how hard I study, I cannot learn kanji.

68
Q

どんなになかが悪くても、悪口を言ったり、たたいたりしてはいけない。

A

No matter how bad your relationship with him is, you must not speak ill of him or hit him.

69
Q

どんなにしかられても、その子はあやまらなかった。

A

No matter how much he was scolded, the child did not apologize.

70
Q

どんなにめいわくをかけても、お母さんはゆるしてくれる。

A

My mother forgives me no matter how much trouble I give her.

71
Q

子供がどんなにほしがっても、今はお金がないから、買ってあげられない。

A

No matter how much the child wants it, I can’t buy it for him now because I don’t have any money.

72
Q

Using the plain form + のに DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

The conjunction のに (ALTHOUGH, DESPITE) = strong contrast between two clauses.

Exact opposite of 〜ので (because)

Used to express a result which was NOT EXPECTED = expresses speaker’s disbelief, surprise, regret, sorrow, frustration, or opposition to a situation that is the opposite of his/her expectations.

Like 〜ので, the MAIN CLAUSE can express only a STATEMENT OR A QUESTION. For requests, commands, suggestions, offers, invitations, or other expressions which indicate strong feelings from the speaker, use 〜け(れ)ど or 〜が.

73
Q

〜のに FORMATION: VERBS (かぎをかける)

A

Present affirmative: かぎをかけるのに

Present negative: かぎをかけないのに

Past affirmative: かぎをかけたのに

Past negative: かぎをかけなかったのに

74
Q

〜のに FORMATION: い-ADJECTIVES (こわい)

A

Present affirmative: こわいのに

Present negative: こわくないのに

Past affirmative: こわかったのに

Past negative: こわくなかったのに

75
Q

〜のに FORMATION: な-ADJECTIVES (しあわせ)

A

Present affirmative: しあわせなのに

Present negative: しあわせじゃないのに

Past affirmative: しあわせだったのに

Past negative: しあわせじゃなかったのに

76
Q

〜のに FORMATION: COPULA VERBS (本当です)

A

Present affirmative: 本当なのに

Present negative: 本当じゃないのに

Past affirmative: 本当だったのに

Past negative: 本当じゃなかったのに

77
Q

〜のに NOTES: Omitting the main clause:

A

If the main clause has been omitted, the 〜のに clause is translated to as SHOULD or SHOULD HAVE.

This usage is very common in conversation.

電話をかければよかったのに。You should have called.

78
Q

年上の子が年下の子をたたいているのに、先生は何も言わない。

A

Although the elder child is hitting the younger child, the teacher does not say anything.

79
Q

赤ちゃんが泣いているのに、お母さんは何も言わない。

A

Although the baby is crying, the mother does not do anything.

80
Q

たくさんめいわくをかけたのに、両親ゆるしてくれました。

A

Although I caused my parents a lot of trouble, they forgave me.

81
Q

うそをついたのに、みんな本当だと思っています。

A

Although I lied, everyone thinks I was telling the truth.

82
Q

その子は大事にしていたおもちゃをこわされたのに、全然おこっていません。

A

Although that child got his precious toy broken, he is not angry at all.

83
Q

落書きをしないようにいったのに、また落書きをしている。　

A

Although I told him not to, he is writing graffiti again.

84
Q

ちょっと重いですが、持ってくれませんか。VS

ちょっと重いけど、持ってくれませんか。VS

＊＊ちょっと重いのに、持ってくれませんか。＊＊ DON’T USE THIS

A

It’s a little heavy, but could you hold it? VS

It’s a little heavy, but could you hold it? VS

Although it’s a little heavy, but could you hold it?

85
Q

その人は、あまりなかはよくないけど、うそは言いたくありません。VS

＊＊その人は、あまりなかはよくないのに、うそはいいたくありません。＊＊ DON’T USE THIS

A

Although I don’t get along with him very well, I don’t want to lie to him. VS

Although I don’t get along with him very well, I don’t want to lie to him.

86
Q

うるさいならうるさいと言えばいいのに。

A

He should say so if he thinks it is noisy.

Nakama 2 (34 decks)

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