Chapter 6 Grammar Flashcards
Difference between 下さる/くれる and 差し上げる/あげる/やる:
下さる/くれる: OUT-GROUP is giving TO YOU or your IN-GROUP + IN-GROUP is giving TO YOU
The giver CANNOT BE YOU
差し上げる/あげる/やる: YOU or IN-GROUP are giving to OUT-GROUP + OUT-GROUP is giving to OUT-GROUP
The giver CAN BE YOU
下さる/くれる DEFINITION + GRAMMAR USAGE:
下さる and くれる are used when the RECIPIENT is the SPEAKER or a member of the speaker’s IN-GROUP. THE GIVER CANNOT BE THE SPEAKER.
下さる = HONORIFIC form of くれる. Use when a social superior gives you something. Otherwise, use くれる for equals and subordinates.
RECIPIENT = INDIRECT OBJECT; marked with the PARTICLE に, so the sentence structure is:
“Gift giver は recipient に Xを 下さる/くれる.”
橋本先生は私に辞書を下さいました。
Professor Hashimoto gave me a dictionary.
そのおじいさんは弟にお菓子を下さいました。
The elderly man gave my younger brother some sweets.
上田さんのお父さんが私に人形を下さいました。
Ms. Ueda’s father gave me a doll.
その子は私にフルーツをくれた。
The child gave me some fruit.
花子さんは妹におもちゃをくれました。
Hanako gave my younger sister a toy.
母は私に洋服をくれました。
My mother gave me clothes.
下さる/くれる CONJUGATION:
くれる is a る-verb and 下さる is an う-verb. The polite present form of 下さる is 下さいます, NOT 下さります.
Dictionary form: 下さる;くれる
Plain negative form: 下さらない;くれない
Polite affirmative form: 下さいます;くれます
Conditional form: 下されば;くれれば
Volitional form: 下さろう;くれよう
て-form: 下さって;くれて
A: かわいいぬいぐるみね。
B: おばあちゃんくれたの。
A: What a cute stuffed animal!
B: My grandmother gave it to me.
A: いい腕時計ですね。
B: 先輩が結婚祝いに下さったんです。
A: That’s a nice watch.
B: My senior at college gave it to me as a wedding gift.
差し上げる/あげる/やる DEFINITION:
差し上げる/あげる/やる are used when the RECIPIENT is NOT a member of the speaker’s IN-GROUP. THE GIVER CAN BE ANYONE.
差し上げる is honorific while やる is used for subordinates (plants, animals, one’s family members). あげる can be used for both social equals and social subordinates.
差し上げる/あげる/やる CONJUGATION:
差し上げる and あげる are る-verbs, and やる is an う-verb.
Dictionary form: 差し上げる;あげる;やる
Plain negative form: 差し上げない;あげない;やらない
Polite affirmative form: 差し上げます;あげます;やります
Conditional form: 差し上げれば;あげれば;やれば
Volitional form: 差し上げよう;あげよう;やろう
て-form: 差し上げて;あげて;やって
私は高校の時の先生にお見舞いを差し上げた。
I respectfully gave an omimai gift to my high school teacher.
母は父の会社の上司におせいぼを差し上げました。
My mother gave my father’s boss an oseibo.
私は山田さんに子犬をあげた。
I gave a puppy to Mr. Yamada.
姉は近所のおばさんにはらうえの花をあげました。
My sister gave a neighbor a flowering potted plant.
キムさんは後輩にDVDをあげました。
Ms. Kim gave her junior a DVD.
私は花に水をやった。
I watered a flower. (literally: I gave water to a flower.)
母は子猫にえさをやった。
My mother gave some food to the kitten.
Using verbs of giving NOTES: What if both the giver and the recipient are members of the speaker’s in-group?
あげる or やる can be used more or less interchangeably with くれる in this situation.
While あげる and やる can imply NEUTRALITY between the speaker and the giver/receiver, it is also used to imply that the SPEAKER feels CLOSER to the GIVER than the receiver.
くれる is used to imply that the SPEAKER is CLOSER to the RECIPIENT than the giver.
母が男にお土産をくれた。My mother gave my brother some souvenirs. (The speaker identifies with his brother.)
母が男にお土産をあげた。My mother gave my brother some souvenirs. (The speaker identifies with his mother.)
いただく/もらう DEFINITION + GRAMMAR USAGE:
Both いただく and もらう mean “to receive.” RECIPIENT = SUBJECT of the sentence and can be ANYONE, but the SPEAKER CANNOT BE THE GIVER. The GIVER is marked with the particle に or から. に indicates the source from which the gift originates.
いただくis honorific. Use when the giver is socially superior to the speaker and recipient.
から must be used in cases where the giver is an institution, such as a 大学, rather than a human being.
兄は先生に/からカードをいただいた。
My older brother received a card from his teacher.
私は上司に/から結婚祝いをいただきました。
I received a wedding gift from my boss.
私は同僚に/から結婚祝いをもらいました。
I received a wedding gift from my coworker.
私は部下に/から結婚祝いをもらいました。
I received a wedding gift from my subordinate.
田中さんはかれにバラの花をもらいました。
Ms. Tanaka received a rose from her boyfriend.
妹は父に人形をもらいました。
My younger sister received a doll from our father.
上田さんは大学からメールをもらった。
Ms. Ueda received an e-mail from the university.
上田さんはお母さんにメールをもらった。
Ms. Ueda received an email from her mother.
Expressing the fact that something is easy or hard to do using the stem of the verb + やすい/にくい DEFINITION + CONJUGATION:
やすい and にくい are い-adjectives. They immediately follow the POLITE STEM of VERBS to indicate their difficulty. SUBJECT = ITEM or PERSON the speaker feels is easy or hard to deal with.
食べやすい: easy to eat
食べにくい: hard to eat