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Nakama 2 > Chapter 8 Grammar > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Expressing problems and events using the DIRECT PASSIVE form - DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

Direct passive in Japanese = direct passive in English

A passive sentence expresses the viewpoint of the RECEIVING END of the action.

A passive sentence takes the pattern: Subject は/が + agent に + PASSIVE VERB FORM

先生はメアリーをほめた。VS メアリーは先生にほめられた。The teacher praised Mary. VS Mary was praised by the teacher.

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2
Q

PASSIVE CONJUGATION: る-verbs:

A

Formation: Add られる to the stem (like POTENTIAL FORM)

すてる (to discard) ー＞すてられる

見る (to see) ー＞見られる

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3
Q

PASSIVE CONJUGATION: う-verbs:

A

Formation: Add れる to the plain negative stem; replace ない with れる

だます (to deceive) ー＞だまさない ー＞ だまされる

よぶ (to invite) ー＞ よばない ー＞ よばれる

ぬすむ (to steal) ー＞ ぬすまない ー＞ぬすまれる

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4
Q

PASSIVE CONJUGATION: Irregular verbs:

A

来る (to come) ー＞来られる

する (to do) ー＞される

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5
Q

PASSIVE CONJUGATION: the passive form (ら)れる:

A

The passive form (ら)れる conjugates as a る-verb.

Negative form: (ら)れない
Polite form: (ら)れます
Dictionary form: (ら)れる
Conditional form: (ら)れれば
て-form: (ら)れて
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6
Q

DIRECT PASSIVE sentence structure CONT.

A

Particle に = agent (performer of the action) (に can be replaced with から when the agent is considered as a source from which something is coming)

Subject particle = person who is affected by the action.

The verb MUST be TRANSITIVE. An agent is sometimes marked with によって instead of に.

The agent in a direct passive sentence can be deleted if it is understood from context, unknown, or of no particular interest.

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7
Q

私は先生にしかられた。

A

I was scolded by the teacher.

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8
Q

ペットの鳥がひべにおそわれた。

A

My pet bird was attacked by a snake.

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9
Q

小さい時、私は女の人によくいじめられました。

A

I was often bullied by girls when I was little.

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10
Q

私はパーティに呼ばれましたが、スミスさん呼ばれなかったので、しんぱいしていました。

A

I was invited to the party, but Mr. Smith was not, so he was worried about it.

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11
Q

イギリスにいる友達から英語で書かれた手紙が来ました。

A

A letter written in England arrived from my friend in England.

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12
Q

私は友達に／から日本の大学について聞けます。

A

I was questioned by a friend about Japanese universities.

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13
Q

村上春樹の新しい本は色々な人に

読まれている。

A

Haruki Murakami’s new book is being read by many people.

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14
Q

マチュピチュはハイラム・ビンガム３世によって発見された。

A

Machu Picchu was discovered by Hiram Bingham III.

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15
Q

こんな所にごみがすてられている。

A

Garbage is discarded in places like this.

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16
Q

このお寺は1200年にたてられました。

A

This temple was built in 1200.

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17
Q

あの先生は日本でもよく知られている。

A

That professor is well known even in Japan.

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18
Q

Expressing problems and events using the INDIRECT PASSIVE form: DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

Someone does something or something happens, and the subject is adversely affected by it or troubled by the action or event. The SUBJECT has NO DIRECT INVOLVEMENT in the actual act or occurrence.

Allows the subject to express NEGATIVE FEELINGS caused by the event.

The action may be a natural occurrence or an accident, and the verbs can either be INTRANSITIVE or TRANSITIVE.

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19
Q

Differences between DIRECT passive and INDIRECT passive forms:

A

Direct SUBJECT: animate OR inanimate
Indirect SUBJECT: ANIMATE ONLY

Direct AGENT: can be vague/omitted
Indirect AGENT: usually SPECIFIC + RARELY OMITTED

Direct CONNOTATION: positive OR negative
Indirect CONNOTATION: TENDS to have NEGATIVE

Direct RELATIONSHIP: subject has DIRECT INVOLVEMENT in action

Indirect RELATIONSHIP: subject is NOT DIRECTLY INVOLVED in the action

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20
Q

私はどろぼうにテレビをぬすました。

A

My T.V. was stolen by a thief. (lit.: I got my T.V. stolen by a thief.)

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21
Q

電車の中でだれかに足をふまれた。

A

Someone stepped on my foot in the train. (lit.: (I) had my foot stepped on by someone in the train.)

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22
Q

私はスミスさんに悪口を言われた。

A

Smith-san spoke ill of me. (lit.: I was bad-mouthed by Smith-san.)

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23
Q

雨にふられた。

A

(I) got rained on.

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24
Q

となりの人に服をよごされた。

A

I got my clothes dirtied by the person next to me.

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25
Q

だれかに車をぶつけられて、こまっている。

A

I am annoyed because my car was hit by someone. (lit.: I am annoyed because my car got hit by someone.)

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26
Q

飛行機の中で、子供になかれて、こまりました。

A

My child cried in the airplane, and I was embarrassed. (lit.: I was embarrassed because I was cried on by my baby.)

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27
Q

A: 昨日、家にどろぼうに入られちゃったんだ。
B: 何か取られたの？
A: うん。パソコンをぬすまれちゃったんだ。

A

A: A thief broke into my house yesterday. (lit.: Yesterday (I had) my house broken into by a thief.)
B: Was anything stolen?
A: Yes, my PC was stolen. (lit.: (I had) my PC stolen.)

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28
Q

Expressing conjecture based on indirect evidence using 〜らしい DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

Auxiliary adjective 〜らしい = conjectures MADE BY SPEAKER on the basis of information OBTAINED INDIRECTLY, such as through print or word of mouth.

“I UNDERSTAND THAT 〜,” “I HEAR THAT 〜,” “THE GENERAL BELIEF IS THAT 〜”

Can be used to make conjectures based on visual observances.

Verb or adjective stem + そうだ (it looks like 〜) = a GUESS

らしい = a more careful OBSERVATION

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29
Q

Expressing conjecture based on indirect evidence using 〜らしい CONJUGATION:

A

い-adjectives and verbs = PLAIN FORM + らしい

な-adjectives and nouns = ADD な, then add らしい

NEGATIVE FORM (negative conjecture) = 〜ない／なかった + らしい

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30
Q

Expressing conjecture based on indirect evidence using 〜らしい NOTES: When is it similar to そうだ?

A

あれは事故じゃないらしい。The general belief is that it was not an accident.

If the speaker’s conjecture is not strong, らしい is almost the same as the hearsay expression plain form + そうだ (I heard 〜).

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31
Q

台風の後、まだ電気がつかなくて、不便

らしい。

A

I understand that it’s inconvenient because the electricity has not yet been restored since the typhoon.

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32
Q

気候が変わって、たつまきがふえているらしい。

A

It’s my understanding that the climate has changed and there are more tornados.

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33
Q

洪水のひがいはあまりひどくなかったらしい。

A

It’s my understanding that the damage from the flood was not very serious.

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34
Q

Expressing conjecture based on DIRECT EVIDENCE using 〜ようだ／みたいだ (it appears that 〜) DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

〜ようだ = conjecture based on FIRST HAND, RELIABLE INFORMATION (usually visual information) and the REASONABLE KNOWLEDGE of the speaker.

Likelihood of a specific action or event happening or not happening = GREATEST IN THE SPEAKER’S MIND

〜みたいだ = COLLOQUIAL version

〜そうだ = a guess based on sensory information = may or may not be reliable

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35
Q

〜ようだ／〜みたいだ CONJUGATION:

A

Verbs + い-adjectives = INFORMAL FORMS + 〜ようだ／〜みたいだ

な-adjectives = ADD な／だった, then add 〜ようだ／〜みたいだ

Nouns = ADD の／だった, then add 〜ようだ／〜みたいだ

NEGATIVE FORM (negative conjecture) = 〜ないようだ／〜ないみたいだ／なかったようだ／なかったみたいだ

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36
Q

〜ようだ／〜みたいだ NOTES: How is it different from 〜らしい AND 〜でしょう／だろう?

A

〜ようだ comes from FIRST-HAND INFORMATION. 〜らしい comes from SECOND-HAND INFORMATION.

〜でしょう／だろう = not necessarily based on any information + speaker is merely GUESSING. 〜ようだ = APPARENTLY; IT APPEARS THAT 〜

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37
Q

昨日あの店にどうぼうが入ったようだ。

A

It appears that a thief broke into the store yesterday.

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38
Q

A: 鎮先生は有名な先生のようだよ。

B: そうなの？あの先生、小さくてかわいくて、学生みたいだけど。

A

A: Apparently, Professor Shimizu is a famous professor.

B: Really? She’s so small and cute; she looks like a student.

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39
Q

彼女とはけんかしたけど、わかれなかったようだ。

A

It appears that he had a fight with his girlfriend but did not break up with her.

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40
Q

このへん冬になるとくまがよく出てくるが、今年はまだだれも見ていないみたいだ。

A

There are often bears here in the winter, but apparently this year no one has seen one.

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41
Q

あの火事で建物のひがいは大きかったけど、なくなった人はいなかったようだ。

A

The structural damage from the fire was severe, but no one seems to have died.

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42
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: Term of conjecture by SOURCE OF EVIDENCE and RELIABILITY of conjecture:

A

Plain form + ようだ・みたいだ (it appears that, it seems) = FIRST HAND + RELIABLE INFORMATION; MOST RELIABLE

Plain form + らしい (I understand that) = INDIRECT INFO or DIRECT OBSERVATION; more reliable than そうだ

Plain form + でしょう (probably) = Evidence is NOT REQUIRED; >0% to 100% reliability

Adjective & verb stem + そうだ (it looks like) = DIRECT (often visual) IMPRESSION; MAY or MAY NOT be reliable

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43
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: ようだ VERB FORMS (やける)

A

Affirmative: 焼けるようだ；焼けたようだ

Negative: 焼けないようだ；焼けなかったようだ

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44
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: ようだ い- ADJECTIVE FORMS (こわい)

A

Affirmative: こわいようだ；こわかったようだ

Negative: こわくないようだ；こわくなかったようだ

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45
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: ようだ な-ADJECTIVE FORMS (不便(な))

A

Affirmative: 不便なようだ；不便だったようだ

Negative: 不便じゃないようだ；不便じゃなかったようだ

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46
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: ようだ NOUN FORMS (うそ)

A

Affirmative: うそのようだ；うそだったようだ

Negative: うそじゃないようだ；うそじゃなかったようだ

47
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: What makes みたいだ different from ようだ?

A

ようだ requires な for な-ADJECTIVES and の for NOUNS in plain PRESENT affirmative form. みたいだ DOES NOT REQUIRE PARTICLES.

48
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: らしい: VERB FORMS (焼ける)

A

Affirmative: 焼けるらしい；焼けたらしい

Negative: 焼けないらしい；焼けなかったらしい

49
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: らしい: い-ADJECTIVE FORMS (こわい)

A

Affirmative: こわいらしい；こわかったらしい

Negative: こわくないらしい；こわくなかったらしい

50
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: らしい: な-ADJECTIVE FORMS (不便(な))

A

Affirmative: 不便らしい；不便だったらしい

Negative: 不便じゃないらしい；不便じゃなかったらしい

51
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: らしい: NOUN FORMS (うそ)

A

Affirmative: うそらしい；うそだったらしい

Negative: うそじゃないらしい；うそじゃなかったらしい

52
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: でしょう: VERB FORMS (焼ける)

A

Affirmative: 焼けるでしょう；焼けたでしょう

Negative: 焼けないでしょう；焼けなかったでしょう

53
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: でしょう: い-ADJECTIVE FORMS (こわい)

A

Affirmative: こわいでしょう；こわかったでしょう

Negative: こわくないでしょう；こわくなかったでしょう

54
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: でしょう: な-ADJECTIVE FORMS (不便)

A

Affirmative: 不便でしょう；不便だったでしょう

Negative: 不便じゃないでしょう；不便じゃなかったでしょう

55
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: でしょう: NOUN FORMS (うそ)

A

Affirmative: うそでしょう；うそだったでしょう

Negative: うそじゃないでしょう：うそじゃなかったでしょう

56
Q

CONJECTURE CHART: そうだ FORMS (焼ける、こわい、不便)

A

Affirmative: 焼けそうだ；こわそうだ；不便そうだ

Negative: 焼けなさそうだ／やかそうにない；こわくなさそうだ；不便じゃなさそうだ

57
Q

Expressing a noun’s characteristics using Nのような／みたいな (like〜) DEFINITION + USAGE

A

ような and みたいな are the PLAIN な-ADJECTIVE FORMS of ようだ and みたいだ. Again, みたいな is the colloquial form of ような.

Describes something or someone based on the resemblance to something else.

Noun 1 のような／みたいな Noun 2 = NOUN 2 THAT IS JUST LIKE NOUN 1

58
Q

ように and みたいに USAGE:

A

ように and みたいに are the adverbial forms of ような and みたい. These can be translated to “LIKE” or “AS,” as in doing something similar to or being similar to something else.

レディーガガのように有名になりたい。I would like to become famous like Lady Gaga.

59
Q

日本でアビルのような／みたいな電車を見ました。

A

In Japan I saw a train that looks like a duck.

60
Q

へびのようなせいかくの人

A

A person who has the personality of a snake

61
Q

くまのようなおじさん

A

A middle-aged man who looks like a bear

62
Q

うさぎのようなくも

A

A cloud which looks like a bunny

63
Q

たつまきのような風

A

A wind like a tornado

64
Q

ぞうの目のようなやさしい目をした人

A

A person with eyes that are so gentle that they look like an elephant’s eyes.

65
Q

僕の彼女は、さくらの花のようにかわいい人です。

A

My girlfriend is just as cute as a cherry blossom.

66
Q

ライオンのように強くなりたい。

A

I want to become strong like a lion.

67
Q

Noun + らしい (typical) DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

In this usage, らしい means “HAVING TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF〜.” Generally, it is an い-adjective.

男らしい人 = manly person (must be male; otherwise 男のような人 (a person who acts like a man))

68
Q

子供らしい子供

A

a typical child

69
Q

女らしい人

A

a ladylike person (female)

70
Q

男らしい人

A

a manly person (male)

71
Q

女らし女

A

a ladylike woman

72
Q

男らしい男

A

a manly man

73
Q

女のような男

A

a man who acts like a woman

74
Q

男のような女

A

a woman who acts like a man

75
Q

アメリカ人らしいアメリカ人

A

a typical American

76
Q

アメリカ人らしいアメリカ人

A

a typical American

77
Q

フランス人らしいフランス人

A

a typical French person

78
Q

先生らしい先生

A

a typical teacher

79
Q

イタリアらしいデザイン

A

a typical Italian design

80
Q

休みらしい休み

A

A typical vacation

81
Q

Expressing limited degree using だけ〜 affirmative DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

だけ follows a NOUN or a QUANTITY EXPRESSION to express the meaning of ONLY/JUST.

Used for AFFIRMATIVE ENDINGS (no negative connotation)

When だけ is used with a noun, particles such as で and に may be placed either BEFORE OR AFTER だけ. Exceptions are the particles が and を, which must either be placed AFTER だけ or not used at all.

82
Q

山田さんだけが来ました。

A

Only Mr. Yamada came.

83
Q

A: まだ歩くの？

B: もう少しだけ。あと百メートルだけだから。

A

A: Do we still have to walk?

B: Just a little farther. Only another hundred meters.

84
Q

A: その話、だれかにしたの？

B: うん、彼女にだけ話した。

A

A: Have you told the story to anyone?

B: Yeah, only to my girlfriend.

85
Q

A: この駅には各駅逓車だけが止まります。

B: そうですか。つぎの駅は？

A: つぎの駅には急行も止まります。

A

A: Only local trains stop at this station.

B: I see. How about the next train station?

A: Express trains also stop at the next station.

86
Q

昨日はつかれていたので、宿題だけしてすぐ寝ました。

A

Since I was tired yesterday, I just did my homework and went to bed immediately after.

87
Q

動物園だけで見ることが出来ます。OR 動物園でだけ見ることが出来ます。

A

You can see it only in the zoo.

88
Q

日本だけにあります。OR 日本にだけあります。

A

It is only in Japan.

89
Q

かれしだけをしょうたいしました。OR かれしだけしょうたいしました。

A

I invited only my boyfriend.

90
Q

山田さんだけが来ました。OR 山田さんだ

け来ました。

A

Only Yamada-san came.

91
Q

Expressing limited degree using しか〜 negative DEFINITION + USAGE

A

Like だけ, しか also means ONLY, but it must be used in a sentence with a NEGATIVE ENDING. Also used with NOUNS and QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS.

Often used when the speaker expects more but finds less (negative connotation)

When しか is used with a noun, the particle associated with it MUST PRECEDE しか. The particles が and を are omitted, but other particles remain except for the に of location, which may be deleted.

92
Q

高橋さんしか来ませんでした。

A

Only Mr. Takahashi came. (Other people should have come.)

93
Q

一万円しかありません。

A

I only have 10,000 yen, and that is all. (I should have more.)

94
Q

一万円だけあります。

A

I have only 10,000 yen.

95
Q

去年、台風は三つしか来ませんでした。

A

Only three typhoons came last year. (implies more typhoons usually come)

96
Q

私は小さい地震しか経験したことがありません。

A

I have only experienced a small earthquake.

97
Q

どろぼうは家の中に五分ぐらいしかいなかったようだ。

A

It appears that the thief was in the house for only about five minutes.

98
Q

高橋さんしか知りません。

A

Only Mr. Takahashi knows.

99
Q

肉しか食べません。

A

I eat only meat.

100
Q

ここ (に) しかありません。

A

It exists only here.

101
Q

私は山田さんに大学でしか会いません。

A

I meet Yamada-san only on campus.

102
Q

Expressing opinions indirectly using 〜んじゃない (かと思う) DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

〜じゃないかと思う expresses the SPEAKER’S OPINION but indicates SOME UNCERTAINTY. It does not itself indicate a negative, but merely emphasizes the uncertainty of the opinion.

Use of the negative form before 〜じゃないかと思う = uncertain opinion is leaning toward the negative.

〜んじゃないですか／でしょうか、〜んじゃないかな and 〜じゃない？can be used instead

103
Q

〜んじゃない (かと思う), 〜だろうと思う, and 〜と思う compared:

A

Certain: ニュースは本当だと思う。I think the news is true.

Less certain: ニュースは本当だろうと思う。I think the news is probably true.

Least certain: ニュースは本当なんじゃないかと思う。I think the news might be true. 　

104
Q

かみなりが落ちるんじゃないかと思う。

A

I think lightning might strike.

105
Q

新しいインフルエンザじゃないかと思う。

A

I think this might be the new flu.

106
Q

たつまきは起きないんじゃないかと思う。

A

I think that a tornado will not form.

107
Q

大雨はふろないんじゃないかと思う。

A

I think it won’t rain heavily.

108
Q

いそがしいんじゃないかと思って、電話しなったんだ。

A

I thought you’d be busy, so I didn’t call you.

109
Q

あの火事で田中さんの家も焼けたんじゃないかと思って、心配していたんだ。

A

I thought Tanaka-san’s house might have been destroyed by the fire, so I was worried.

110
Q

どろぼうはにげたんじゃない？

A

I think the thief has already escaped.

111
Q

どろぼうはにげたんじゃないかな。

A

I think the thief has already escaped.

112
Q

変なうそさがあるんじゃないですか。

A

I think there is a strange rumor.

113
Q

変なうわさがあるんじゃないでしょうか。

A

I think there is a strange rumor.

Nakama 2 (34 decks)

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