Chapter 8 Grammar Flashcards
Expressing problems and events using the DIRECT PASSIVE form - DEFINITION + USAGE:
Direct passive in Japanese = direct passive in English
A passive sentence expresses the viewpoint of the RECEIVING END of the action.
A passive sentence takes the pattern: Subject は/が + agent に + PASSIVE VERB FORM
先生はメアリーをほめた。VS メアリーは先生にほめられた。The teacher praised Mary. VS Mary was praised by the teacher.
PASSIVE CONJUGATION: る-verbs:
Formation: Add られる to the stem (like POTENTIAL FORM)
すてる (to discard) ー>すてられる
見る (to see) ー>見られる
PASSIVE CONJUGATION: う-verbs:
Formation: Add れる to the plain negative stem; replace ない with れる
だます (to deceive) ー>だまさない ー> だまされる
よぶ (to invite) ー> よばない ー> よばれる
ぬすむ (to steal) ー> ぬすまない ー>ぬすまれる
PASSIVE CONJUGATION: Irregular verbs:
来る (to come) ー>来られる
する (to do) ー>される
PASSIVE CONJUGATION: the passive form (ら)れる:
The passive form (ら)れる conjugates as a る-verb.
Negative form: (ら)れない Polite form: (ら)れます Dictionary form: (ら)れる Conditional form: (ら)れれば て-form: (ら)れて
DIRECT PASSIVE sentence structure CONT.
Particle に = agent (performer of the action) (に can be replaced with から when the agent is considered as a source from which something is coming)
Subject particle = person who is affected by the action.
The verb MUST be TRANSITIVE. An agent is sometimes marked with によって instead of に.
The agent in a direct passive sentence can be deleted if it is understood from context, unknown, or of no particular interest.
私は先生にしかられた。
I was scolded by the teacher.
ペットの鳥がひべにおそわれた。
My pet bird was attacked by a snake.
小さい時、私は女の人によくいじめられました。
I was often bullied by girls when I was little.
私はパーティに呼ばれましたが、スミスさん呼ばれなかったので、しんぱいしていました。
I was invited to the party, but Mr. Smith was not, so he was worried about it.
イギリスにいる友達から英語で書かれた手紙が来ました。
A letter written in England arrived from my friend in England.
私は友達に/から日本の大学について聞けます。
I was questioned by a friend about Japanese universities.
村上春樹の新しい本は色々な人に
読まれている。
Haruki Murakami’s new book is being read by many people.
マチュピチュはハイラム・ビンガム3世によって発見された。
Machu Picchu was discovered by Hiram Bingham III.
こんな所にごみがすてられている。
Garbage is discarded in places like this.
このお寺は1200年にたてられました。
This temple was built in 1200.
あの先生は日本でもよく知られている。
That professor is well known even in Japan.
Expressing problems and events using the INDIRECT PASSIVE form: DEFINITION + USAGE:
Someone does something or something happens, and the subject is adversely affected by it or troubled by the action or event. The SUBJECT has NO DIRECT INVOLVEMENT in the actual act or occurrence.
Allows the subject to express NEGATIVE FEELINGS caused by the event.
The action may be a natural occurrence or an accident, and the verbs can either be INTRANSITIVE or TRANSITIVE.
Differences between DIRECT passive and INDIRECT passive forms:
Direct SUBJECT: animate OR inanimate
Indirect SUBJECT: ANIMATE ONLY
Direct AGENT: can be vague/omitted
Indirect AGENT: usually SPECIFIC + RARELY OMITTED
Direct CONNOTATION: positive OR negative
Indirect CONNOTATION: TENDS to have NEGATIVE
Direct RELATIONSHIP: subject has DIRECT INVOLVEMENT in action
Indirect RELATIONSHIP: subject is NOT DIRECTLY INVOLVED in the action
私はどろぼうにテレビをぬすました。
My T.V. was stolen by a thief. (lit.: I got my T.V. stolen by a thief.)
電車の中でだれかに足をふまれた。
Someone stepped on my foot in the train. (lit.: (I) had my foot stepped on by someone in the train.)
私はスミスさんに悪口を言われた。
Smith-san spoke ill of me. (lit.: I was bad-mouthed by Smith-san.)
雨にふられた。
(I) got rained on.
となりの人に服をよごされた。
I got my clothes dirtied by the person next to me.