Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nakama 2 > Chapter 3 Grammar > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Noun の前 (に) / the dictionary form of verbs + 前 (に) DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

The particle に to express time is optional with 〜前. As it can be used as a topic, 前 can be combined with は as in 前は or 前には.

Noun + の + 前 or the DICTIONARY FORM of a verb + 前.

Indicates that the event in the 前 clause was NOT COMPLETED before the performance of the event in the MAIN CLAUSE. Because of this, it must ALWAYS be PLAIN FORM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

従業の前に、話があります。

A

I have to talk to you before class.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ひっこしの前に、くるまをなおします。

A

I will fix the car before moving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

しけんの前は、あまり寝られない。

A

I cannot sleep well before an exam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

旅行に行く前には、計画をたてた方がいいですよ。

A

You should make plans before you go on a trip.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

店がしまる前に、買いに行こう。

A

Let’s go shopping before the stores close.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

卒業する前に、やりたいことがある。

A

I have something that I want to do before graduation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

結婚する前に、家を買いたいです。

A

I want to buy a house before getting married.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

結婚する前に、家を買いました。

A

I bought a house before getting married.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

前 (に) + 後 (で) NOTES - Particle が:

A

If the subject of the subordinate clause is different from the main clause, it must be marked with the particle が.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

母が来る前に、へやをそうじしました。

A

I cleaned my room before my mother came.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

この会場には、前に来たことがあります。

A

I have come to this meeting place before.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

あの湖は、前はとてもきれいだった。

A

This lake was once very clean.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Noun の後 (で) / the plain past affirmative form of verbs + 後 (で) DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

The particle で to express time is optional with 〜後. Because it can be used as a topic, 後 can be combined with は as in 後は or 後では.

Noun + の + 後 or the PLAIN PAST TENSE of a verb + 後

Indicates that the action in the 後 clause WAS COMPLETED before the event in the MAIN CLAUSE.

後 can be used independently, with no clause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

そうべつかいの後で、引っ越した。

A

I moved after the farewell party.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

創業式のあとで、友達と写真を撮った。

A

I took a picture with my friend after the graduation ceremony.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

日本にりゅうがくした後で、その人と会った。　

A

I met the person after I went to Japan on a study abroad program.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

しゅうしょくた後で、けっこんしたい。

A

I want to get married after I get a job.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

木山：小山さんの送別会、行った？

キム：うん、バイトがおわったあとで行ったから、少しおそくなったけど。

A

Kiyama: Did you go to Ms. Koyama’s farewell party?
Kim: Yeah, but I was a bit late because I went after I got off work from my part-time job.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

田中さんは、子供が生まれた後で、仕事をはじめた。

A

Mr. Tanaka started working after his child was born.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

はたらいた後で飲むビールはとてもおいしい。

A

Beer after work is delicious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

後で来て下さい。

A

Please come later.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Talking about preparations using 〜ておく DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

The て-form of the verb + おく is used when someone does something for a FUTURE PURPOSE or leaves the current state as is for a future purpose.

〜ておく conjugates as an う-verb

〜ておく becomes ～とく in casual speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

しゅうしょくする前に、しょうらいのけいかくを立てておいたほうがいいですよ。　

A

You should make plans for your future before you start looking for a job.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ひっこしのじゅんびをしておきます。

A

I will make preparations for moving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

今晩友達が来るから、ワインをひやしときましょう。

A

I will chill wine (in advance) since my friends are coming over tonight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

しゅくだいをはじめる前に、ゲームであそんどこう。

A

Let’s play some more games before I start doing homework.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

学生が来ますから、開けておいでください。

A

A student is coming, so please leave it open (for the student)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A：げんかんの電気、けそうか。

B：あ、つけといて。まだ、大輔が帰ってきてないから。

A

A: Shall I turn off the light in the entrance?
B: Leave it on. Daisuke’s not home yet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Expressing completion, regret, and the realization that a mistake was made using ～てしまう DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

The て-form of a verb + しまう can have two interpretations, both dependent on context:

  1. Indicates the speaker has finished doing something more clearly than the simple verb form does (FINISHED DOING vs. having performed)
  2. Indicates that something that should not have happened took place, or that someone did something that he or she should not have done; often conveys REGRET

～てしまう conjugates as an う-verb.

～てしまう/～でしまう becomes ちゃう/じゃう in casual speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

明日までに履歴書 (りれきしょ) を書いてしまいます。

A

I will finish up writing the resume by tomorrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

古くなったらおいしくないから、今食べてしまった方がいいよ。

A

It won’t taste good if it gets old, so you should finish it up now.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

そのDVDはもう見てしまいました。

A

I have already seen that DVD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

今日は、もうジョギングをしてしまった。

A

I have already gone jogging today.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

リーさんへのプレゼント、もうつつんじゃったよ。

A

I have already wrapped Mr. Li’s gift.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

しゅくだいはもうしちゃったよ。

A

My homework is finished.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

大事なレポートをおとしてしまった。

A

I accidentally lost an important report.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

犬が死んでしまった。

A

My dog has died.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

あ！教科書忘れちゃった。

A

I forgot my textbook

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

かいだんからおちちゃったんです。

A

I fell down the stairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

すみません、田中さんのケーキは私が食べてしまったんです。

A

I’m sorry, but I ate Mr. Tanaka’s cake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Using transitive and intransitive verbs: DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

Transitive verbs express action directed by SOMEONE TOWARD a specific object (DIRECT OBJECT); marked with particle を.

Intransitive verbs are used in situations where the OBJECT ACTS ON ITS OWN WITHOUT A DIRECT OBJECT; often marked with particle が, but not always.

Except for some verbs like 入る, which can take an animate subject, as in 私はお風呂に入る、many intransitive verbs of transitive/intransitive verb pairs take an inanimate subject and DO NOT EXPRESS the speaker’s INTENTIONAL ACTION. When they are used with the て-form of verbs + いる structure, they express a resultant state (Chapter 9 of Nakama I)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

ドアを開けた。

A

I opened the door.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

ドアが開いた。

A

The door opened (on its own).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

お母さんは子供を八時に起こします。

A

The mother wakes the child up at eight o’clock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

子供は八時に起きます。

A

The child wakes up at eight o’clock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

私は電話をかけています。

A

I am making a phone call.

48
Q

電話がかかりました。

A

The phone is ringing.

49
Q

電気がついています。

A

The light is on.

50
Q

窓が閉まっています。

A

The window is closed.

51
Q

このくつ、よごれていますね。

A

These shoes are dirty.

52
Q

ええ、子供がよごしてしまったんですよ。

A

Yes, my child got them dirty.

53
Q

スミスさんのしゅくだいが出ていませんね。

A

Mr. Smith, you haven’t turned in your homework. (lit.: Mr. Smith’s homework has not been turned in)

54
Q

まだケーキがのこっていますよ。だれが食べませんか。

A

Some cake is still left. Would anybody like to eat it?

55
Q

あ、それはキムさんのケーキですから、のこしておいたんです。

A

Ah, since that is Ms. Kim’s cake, I left it for her.

56
Q

この漢字、間違ってるよ。

A

This kanji is wrong.

57
Q

あ、本当だ。この漢字はむずかしいから、よく間違えるんだ。

A

Oh, you’re right. This kanji is difficult, so I often get it wrong.

58
Q

Expressing results of intentional action using ～てある (1/2): DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

～てある is usually used to express a situation where someone has DONE SOMETHING for SOME PURPOSE and the speaker wants to talk about the STATE RESULTING FROM THAT ACTION.

The verb in the ～てある construction can be transitive or intransitive, but it MUST express an INTENTIONAL ACTION.

59
Q

Expressing results of intentional action using ～てある (2/2): DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSITIVE + INTRANSITIVE:

A

Transitive verbs indicate an intentional action, so ～てある is used to express a STATE RESULTING FROM AN INTENTIONAL ACTION.

When the main verb is transitive, the direct object can be marked with either が or を. The particle を tends to be chosen when the action was PERFORMED BY THE SPEAKER

In contrast, intransitive verbs usually express NON-INTENTIONAL ACTION.

60
Q

猫がかばんの中にい入っています。
バスに乗っています。
＊＊入る＋乗る use ～ている＊＊

A

The cat has gone into the bag.

I am on the bus.

61
Q

ビールを冷やしてあります。

ビールが冷えています。

A

The beer has been chilled. (I chilled it)

The beer is cold.

62
Q

お湯をわかしてあります。

お湯がわいています。

A

The water has been boiled. (I boiled it)

The water is boiling.

63
Q

晩御飯が作ってありますから、後で食べて下さい。

A

I made dinner for you, so please eat it later. (lit.: Dinner has been made, so please eat it later.)

64
Q

雨がふりそうだから、まどが閉めてあります。

A

Since it looks as if it will rain, the windows have been closed.

65
Q

たくさんトレーニングはしてあるから、マラソンでいいタイムが出せるでしょう。

A

Since I trained a lot, my time for the marathon should be good.

66
Q

たくさん食べ物　が　買ってあります。

たくさん食べ物　を　買ってあります。

A

A lot of food has been purchased (by me or others).

A lot of food has been purchased (by me).

67
Q

ホテルの予約もしてあるし、飛行機の切符も買ってあります。

A

The hotel reservation has been made, and plane tickets have been purchased.

68
Q

タクシーをよんであるから、もうすぐ来ます。

A

I’ve called a cab already, so it should be here soon. (lit.: Since a cab has been called, it should be here soon.)

69
Q

そのことについては私から先生に少し話してあるから、そうだんしてみたらどうですか。

A

I’ve spoken to the teacher a little bit about it, so why don’t you talk with him?

70
Q

よく寝てありますから、大丈夫ですよ。

A

Since I (have) slept well (since I got a good sleep), I’ll be okay.

71
Q

Expressing purpose, using the plain form of the verb/noun の + ため, in order to ～, for～: DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

PLAIN PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE of a verb + ため
NOUN + の + ため

Indicates an action or event that is CONTROLLED by the speaker and indicates a PURPOSE.

When used with motion verbs (行く、来る、帰る、etc.), ため expresses IMPORTANT PURPOSE (“in order to”). The ます-stem of verbs + に DOES NOT necessarily express an important purpose.

72
Q

Expressing purpose, using the plain form of the verb/noun の + ため, in order to ～, for～: NOTES - Particles に and の:

A

ため can be followed by the particle に (when it modifies a verbal phrase) or の when it modifies a noun. The particle に can optionally be deleted.

日本に留学するため（に）アルバイトをしているんです。I’m working part-time in order to go to Japan to study.

73
Q

Expressing purpose, using the plain form of the verb/noun の + ため, in order to ～, for～: NOTES - When ため indicates a REASON or CAUSE:

A

ため indicates a reason or clause when:

  1. ため is preceded by an ADJECTIVE or the PLAIN PAST FORM of a verb and adjective, or
  2. The MAIN CLAUSE expresses an action or event that CANNOT BE CONTROLLED by the speaker

祖父が亡くなったため、学校に切られませんでした。I could not come to school because my grandfather died.

74
Q

エンジニアになるために、勉強しています。

A

I am studying in order to become an engineer.

75
Q

けんきゅうするために、来ました。

A

I have come to do research.

76
Q

自分のためになる仕事がしたい

A

I want to do work that will be good for my own development.

77
Q

何のために、その会社にしゅうしょくするんですか。

A

Why are you taking a job at that company?

78
Q

留学するために、アルバイトをする。

A

I work part-time to study abroad.

79
Q

将来のために、わかい時は色々なことをした方がいい。

A

For the sake of your future, you should experience a variety of things while you’re young.

80
Q

しけんの勉強するために図書館に行きました。

しけんの勉強をしに図書館に行きました。

A

I went to the library in order to study for the exam.

I went to the library to study for the exam.

81
Q

コーヒーを飲むために来ました。

コーヒーを飲みに来ました。

A

I came in order to have some coffee.

I came to have some coffee.

82
Q

これは、新しい車を買うためのお金です。

A

This is the money to buy a new car.

83
Q

体育館は、うんどうするための建物です。

A

A gym is the place for exercise.

84
Q

はくぶつ館はここから遠いため、車で行った方がいいでしょう。

A

You should probably go to the museum by car because it’s far away from here.

85
Q

しゅうしょくがきまらないために、毎晩寝られない。

A

I cannot sleep at all at night because I have not gotten a job.

86
Q

雪のため、電車が遅く来た。

A

The train arrived late because of the snow.

87
Q

Expressing obligation using ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

NEGATIVE FORM + ～ければ/くては ＋ ならない、～ければ/～くては ＋ いけない = OBLIGATION

Although the four pairs are virtually interchangeable, いけない carries a STRONGER SENSE OF OBLIGATION than ならない and is used when expressing a SPECIFIC OBLIGATION. When one talks about obligations or necessities that are general in nature, ならない tends to be used.

88
Q

～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない CASUAL FORMS:

A

In casual speech, the following contracted forms are used. Also, ならない/いけない can be omitted or replace by だめ.

～なければならない / いけない ー＞ ～なきゃ（なんない / いけない / だめ）

～なくてはならない / いけない ー＞ ～なくちゃ（なんない / いけない / だめ）

89
Q

Expressing obligation using ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない NOTES: What they mean by themselves + how to answer questions with these endings:

A

Because the negative form of the verb ある is ない, ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない by themselves mean “something must exist” or “one must have something.”

To answer questions with ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない:

Affirmative: ええ、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけません

Negative: いいえ、～なくてもいいです to express a lack of obligation

90
Q

明日、入学式になければならない。
明日、入学式になくてはならない。
明日、入学式になければいけない。
明日、入学式になくてはいけない。

A

I/You must attend the entrance ceremony tomorrow.

91
Q

もっと勉強しなければならない。

A

I/You have to study harder.

92
Q

卒業式を休まなくてはいけない。

A

I/You must excuse my/yourself from the graduation ceremony.

93
Q

ここにいなければいけません。

A

I/You must stay here.

94
Q

二十一さいじゃなければならない。

A

I/You must be 21 years old.

95
Q

子供は元気じゃなければならない。

A

Children are expected to be healthy.

96
Q

ゆうえんちは、楽しくなければならない。

A

Amusement parks ought to be fun.

97
Q

そうべつ会に出るためには、今、もどらなければなりません。

A

I must go back now in order to attend the farewell party.

98
Q

どうそう会のお金をあつめなければならない。

A

I have to collect money for the reunion.

99
Q

その子を車に乗せなくちゃならない。

A

I have to give a ride to the child.

100
Q

明日は東京に行かなければならないんです。

A

I must go to Tokyo tomorrow.

101
Q

この手紙、出さなきゃならないんだ。

A

I must mail this letter.

102
Q

つかった後は、トイレのドアは閉めなきゃだめよ。

A

After using the toilet, you must close the door.

103
Q

ここに先生のサインがなければいけない。

A

You must have a teacher’s signature here.

104
Q

学生証がなければいけませんよ。

A

You must have a student ID.

105
Q

Expressing the acceptability of an action or state using the negative stem + なくてもいい DEFINITION + CONJUGATION:

A

NEGATIVE STEM of VERBS and ADJECTIVES + なくてもいい = one DOES NOT HAVE TO DO SOMETHING or something DOES NOT HAVE TO BE in a certain way.

The opposite of ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない

The negative stem + なくてもいい by itself means something does not have to exist or one does not have to have something.

106
Q

Expressing the acceptability of an action or state using the negative stem + なくてもいい NOTES: Polite speech

A

Instead of the negative stem + なくてもいい, the NEGATIVE STEM + なくてもけっこうです / なくてもかまいません are used in polite speech. Store clerks, bank tellers and post office clerks commonly use this more polite version.

107
Q

やまなくてもいいです。

A

You don’t have to stop.

108
Q

違わなくてもいいです。

A

It does not have to be different.

109
Q

同じじゃなくてもいいです。

A

It does not have to be the same.

110
Q

わかくなくてもいいです。

A

He/She does not have to be young.

111
Q

スミス：会場を変えなければなりませんか。

山本：いいえ、変えなくてもいいですよ。

A

Smith: Do we have to change the meeting place?
Yamamoto: No, you don’t have to change it.

112
Q

明：ネクタイしなきゃいけないの？

ケイト：いや、しなくてもいいよ。

A

Akira: Do I have to wear a necktie?
Kate: No, you don’t have to wear one.

113
Q

学生：同じのでなければなりませんか？

先生：いや、同じのじゃなくてもいいよ。違うのでもいいよ。

A

Student: Does it have to be the same one?
Teacher: No it does not have to be the same one. You can use a different one.

114
Q

パスポートがなくてもいいですよ。

A

You don’t have to have your passport.

115
Q

学生証は、なくてもけっこうです。

A

You don’t have to have your student ID.

116
Q

しょうたいじょうは、なくてもかまいませんよ。

A

You don’t have to have an invitation letter.

Nakama 2 (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions