Chapter 9 Grammar Flashcards
Expressing appreciation for a favor done for you or a member of your in-group using 〜てくれる/下さる DEFINITION + USAGE:
Like くれる and 下さる in Chapter 6, RECIPIENT = SPEAKER OR IN-GROUP
GIVER = NOT THE SPEAKER (can be ANYONE)
下さる = social superior
The recipient of a favor can be marked by the particle に, but it does not have to be overtly marked if it is obvious.
先生は私にはいくを教えて下さいました。My teacher taught me haiku (for my benefit).
Note about 〜てくれる/下さる: In-group/out-group distinction in business AND request forms:
The in-group/out-group distinction can be applied in social contexts other than family.
Employees of the speaker’s company comprise an in-group, while non-employees compromise an out-group.
Customers = SOCIAL SUPERIOR = use 〜て下さる when a customer does something for ANY member of the company, even the speaker’s boss or company president (who would also be a social superior).
Request forms such as 〜て下さい、〜てくれませんか、and 〜て下さいませんか are derived from this structure.
先生がていねいな説明とアドバイスをして下さいました。
The professor gave me a detailed explanation and advice.
上司が私のねがいを聞いて下さった。
My boss kindly did me a favor.
姉がマンガをかしてくれた。
My older sister loaned me a manga.
同僚が妹をらくごにつれて行ってくれました。
My co-worker took my younger sister to a rakugo performance.
父はいつも私をしんじてくれている。
My father always believes me.
学校で一番かっこいい男の子が私とつきあってくれた。
The cutest guy in school went out with me.
私には、困った時に、いつも助けてくれる友達がいる。
I have a friend who always helps me out when I’m having problems.
A: あ、早かったね。
B: うん、アリスが車でむかえに来てくれたから。
A: Oh, you’re early.
B: Yeah, Alice came for me by car.
荷物が重くて困っていた時、知らない人が持ってくれました。
When I was struggling with heavy luggage, a stranger carried it for me.
Expressing willingness to help using 〜てあげる/やる DEFINITION + USAGE:
Like あげる and やる in Chapter 6, RECIPIENT = USUALLY OUT-GROUP.
If BOTH giver and recipient are in the speaker’s IN-GROUP, it is okay to use 〜てくれる/あげる/やる, but the use of くれる implies IDENTIFICATION with the recipient and the use of あげる or やる indicates NEUTRALITY with the giver.
〜てあげる/やる MUST BE USED when GIVER = SPEAKER
やる = Socially inferior; ます form = social superior
Recipient can be marked with に, but the recipient is not mentioned if it is obvious from the context.
私は友達に生花を教えてあげた。
I taught my friend flower arrangement (for her benefit).
私はかれしにしを書いてあげた。
I wrote a poem for my boyfriend.
ぼくは犬にボールを買ってやった/あげた。
I bought a ball for my dog.
私は黒田さんを見送りに行ってあげた。
I went to see Ms. Kuroda off (for her benefit).
私は犬と遊んでやった/あげた。
I played with the dog (for the benefit of the dog).
母は子猫をお風呂に入れてやりました/あげました。
My mother gave the kitten a bath (for the benefit of the kitten).
困った時は、私が助けてあげるから、心配しないで。
Don’t worry, I’ll help you if you’re having problems.
A: 五時までに駅に行かなきゃいけないんだけど、おくれそうなの。
B: じゃあ、ぼくが車で送ってあげるよ。
A: I have to be at the station by five o’clock, but it looks like I’m going to be late.
B: Well, I can drive you (to the situation).
弟が心細そうだったので、一緒に行ってあげた/やった。
Since my brother looked loney, I went with him (for him).
私は先生のかばんを持って差し上げました。
I carried the professor’s bag (for his benefit).
私は先生のかばんを持ちました。
I carried the professor’s bag.
私は先生のかばんをお持ちしました。
I humbly carried the professor’s bag (humble form of 持つ).