Chapter 5 Grammar Flashcards
Expressing a route, using the particle を DEFINITION:
The particle を indicates a LOCATION WHERE MOVEMENT OCCURS. It takes a verb of motion such as 行く、来る、帰る、歩く、通る、走る、or およぐ。
第三コースをおよぎます。(I) swim in lane 3.
大使館はこの道をまっすぐ行った所にあります。
The embassy is straight ahead on this road.
毎日公演を走る。
I run (jog) in the park every day.
あの駐車場を通っていくと近いよ。
It’s close if you go through that parking lot.
Expressing a point of departure using the particle を (out of ～, from ～) DEFINITION:
The particle を here indicates a PLACE OR VEHICLE from which one GETS OFF OR LEAVES. A noun preceding で indicates an enclosed space such as vehicles, buildings, elevators, etc.
バスをおりて、電車に乗りかえる。
I got off the bus and transferred to a train.
駅を出たら、すぐ右にまがります。
When you leave the station, you immediately turn right.
去年大学を卒業しました。
I graduated from college last year.
次の駅で地下鉄を降りる。
I get off the subway at the next station.
Expressing scope or limit using で DEFINITION:
When the particle で is preceded by an expression for QUANTITY, TIME, OR AMOUNT, it indicates an EXTENT OR LIMIT.
十分でもどります。
I will return in 10 minutes.
あと一種間で休みです。
Vacation starts in another week.
そのみかんは五つで三百円です。
Those oranges are 300 yen for five.
このシャツはセールだったから、五百円で買ったよ。
This shirt was on sale, so I bought it for 500 yen.
Expressing conditions leading to set consequences using the plain form + と DEFINITION:
The conditional と can be translated as “IF,” “WHEN,” or “WHENEVER” although the interpretation of a sentence with と depends on the tense of the MAIN CLAUSE.
If the sentence ends in the PRESENT TENSE, と indicates a condition for which the event in the main claise is the NATURAL OR AUTOMATIC CONSEQUENCE. Therefore, the usage tends to be for FACTS or STATEMENTS OF HABIT. “When” or “whenever” is the closest in meaning.
冬になると、このへんはとても寒くなる。When the winter comes, it gets very cold around here.
Expressing conditions leading to set consequences using the plain form + と CONJUGATION (verbs):
VERBS:
Dictionary form: よる (to drop by)
Affirmative: よると
Negative: よらないと
Expressing conditions leading to set consequences using the plain form + と CONJUGATION (い-adjectives):
い-ADJECTIVES:
Dictionary form: とおい (far from)
Affirmative: とおいと
Negative: とおくないと
Expressing conditions leading to set consequences using the plain form + と CONJUGATION (な-adjectives):
な-ADJECTIVES:
Dictionary form: しずか (quiet)
Affirmative: しずかだと
Negative: しずかじゃないと
Expressing conditions leading to set consequences using the plain form + と CONJUGATION (nouns):
NOUNS:
Dictionary form: 山手線 (Yamanote line)
Affirmative: 山手線だと
Negative: 山手線じゃないと
Difference between と and たら (SEQUENCE OF TWO EVENTS):
A sequence of two events connected by と expresses an INEVITABLE OR HABITUAL cause-and-effect relationship. On the other hand, a sentence with たら conditional expresses a TEMPORAL, ACCIDENTAL cause-and-effect.
In this sense, と conditional conveys a GENERAL STATEMENT OF FACT rather than any specific relationship.
冬になると、スキーにいきます。(I go skiing when the winter comes) Indicates a habitual pattern.
冬になったら、スキーに行きます。(When winter comes, I will go skiing)
Difference between と and たら (WHICH EXPRESSES INTENTION?):
In たら、the main clause MAY EXPRESS INTENTION, desire, or a request, invitation, or command made by the speaker.
However, sentences containing the と conditional MUST NOT contain any of these.
Similarity between と and たら:
When the main clause is in the past tense, と expresses an UNEXPECTED OR SURPRISNG EVENT resulting from the condition described.
In these cases, と and たら are interchangeable.
橋をわたると、左側に学校が見えます。
橋をわたったら、左側に学校が見えます。
You will see the school on your left immediately after you cross the bridge.
Upon crossing the bridge, the school can be seen on your left.
