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Nakama 2 > Chapter 2 Grammar > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Expressing intention using the volitional form of the verb + と思う DEFINITION:

A

The VOLITIONAL FORM of verbs + と思う expresses a tentative intention (I’M THINKING OF 〜)

When the subject is the speaker, the use of 思っています indicates that the speaker has been thinking of doing something FOR SOME TIME, while 思います merely indicates the speaker’s CURRENT THINKING.

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2
Q

温泉に入ろうと思います。

A

I’m thinking of taking a bath at a hot spring.

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3
Q

ふねに乗ろうと思います。

A

I’m thinking of taking a ship.

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4
Q

今、じゅんびしようと思う。

A

I’m thinking of starting preparation.

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5
Q

る-verbs volitional form rule:

A

Replace る with よう。

こたえる (to sing) ー＞ こたえよう
しらべる (to check) ー＞ しらべよう

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6
Q

う-verbs volitional form rule:

A

Change the /u/ sound to an /o/ sound and add う。

さがす (to look for) ー＞ さがそう
つかう (to use) ー＞ つかおう

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7
Q

Irregular verbs volitional forms (no rule):

A

する (to do) ー＞ しよう

来る (to come) ー＞ こよう

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8
Q

海外旅行 （かいがいりょこう）に行こうとと思うんだけど。　　

A

I’m thinking of going on an overseas trip.

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9
Q

いいね。どこに行くの。

A

Sounds good. Where are you going?

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10
Q

まだ、分からないけど、ハワイかな。

A

I don’t know yet, but I am thinking of going to Hawaii.

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11
Q

じゃあ、パスポートをとって方がいいよ。

A

Then you should get a passport.

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12
Q

もうすご出かけようと思います。

A

I am thinking of going out soon.

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13
Q

夏休みに国に帰ろうと思ってるから、アルバイトをしてるんだ。

A

I’ve been thinking of returning to my hometown/country next summer vacation, so I am working part-time.

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14
Q

Volitional form NOTES (Part 1) - When the subject is someone OTHER than the SPEAKER:

A

When the subject is someone other than the speaker, 思っています must be used to express his/her current thinking as well as his/her thinking over time.

妹はでんしゃの時間をしらべようと思っています。My younger sister is thinking of checking the train schedule.

しほさんはクレジットカードでお金をはらおうと思っている。Shiho is thinking of paying with a credit card.

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15
Q

Volitional form NOTES (Part 2) - Volitional form meaning BY THEMSELVES:

A

The volitional form indicates the speaker’s willingness to do something. It is the plain form of ましょう, which means “Let’s 〜.”

夏休みの計画をたてましょう。Let’s make plans for the summer. (formal)

夏休みの計画をたてよう。Let’s make plans for the summer. (casual)

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16
Q

Volitional form NOTES (Part 3) - How to express ruminations (“I WONDER 〜”):

A

The volitional form of the verb must be used before 〜かしら or 〜かな to express the speaker’s ruminations about what he/she should do.

明日出かけようかな。I wonder if I should go out tomorrow.

今日は何をしようかな。I wonder what I should do today.

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17
Q

Volitional form NOTES (Part 4) - 〜たいと思います:

A

The form 〜たいと思います is often used to express desire. This is less direct than 〜たいです, and thus, it sounds more formal and polite.

いつか日本にもどりたいと思います。I would like to go back to Japan someday. (more polite and formal)

いつか日本にもどりたいです。I want to go back to Japan someday. (direct)

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18
Q

Expressing intention using つもり (intend to 〜) DEFINITION and CONJUGATION:

A

つもり also expresses the INTENTION of the SPEAKER or SOMEONE CLOSE to the speaker. Compared to the volitional form of verbs + と思う、つもり expresses a STRONGER INTENTION.

つもり is a dependent noun and thus follows the PLAIN PRESENT form of VERBS. It can also follow the demonstrative word その, as in そのつもり, which means to intend to do so.

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19
Q

明日、日曜日の予定をきめるつもりです。

A

Tomorrow I intend to make plans for Sunday.

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20
Q

母は日帰りツアーを予約するつもりです。

A

My mother intends to make reservations for a day trip.

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21
Q

お土産を買うつもりです。

A

I intend to buy a souvenir.

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22
Q

今度は国内旅行にするつもり (だ)。

A

I intend to decide on domestic travel this time.

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23
Q

三時にはもどるつもり (だ)。

A

I intend to return at 3.

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24
Q

あつ子: 旅館に泊まるの？

ウィル: はい、そのつもり。

A

Atsuko: Are we staying in a Japanese-style inn?
Will: Yeah, that’s our plan.

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25
Q

明日きめるつもりです。

A

I intend to decide tomorrow.

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26
Q

明日はきめないつもりです。

A

I do not intend to decide tomorrow.

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27
Q

私の一番上の姉もそのつもりです。

A

My oldest sister intends to do so, too.

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28
Q

Using 〜つもり NOTES: How to indicate the presence of intention or a plan:

A

Use the copula verb です/だ after つもりto indicate the presence of intention or a plan or just end the sentence with つもり. Use 〜つもりはありません/ない to indicate a lack of intention or plan.

ガイドブックを持って行くつもりです。I intend to take a guidebook. (polite)

開度ブックを持って行くつもり (だ)。I intend to take a guidebook. (casual)

ガイドブックを持って行くつもりはありません。I don’t intend to take a guidebook. (polite)

ガイドブックを持って行くつもりはない。I don’t intend to take a guidebook. (casual)

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29
Q

Expressing plans using 予定 (plan to 〜) DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

Without a modifier, よてい is a noun meaning “PLAN”

今日の予定は何ですか。What is the plan for today?

予定 follows the PLAIN PRESENT FORM OF A VERB when it is used with a modifier to indicate a specific plan. 予定 is FOLLOWED BY THE COPULA VERB です/だ. The subject of a statement with 予定 can be any person.

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30
Q

今日は予定がありません。

A

I don’t have any plans today.

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31
Q

六時のひこうき（飛行機）で出る予定です。

A

I plan to leave here on the 6 o’clock plane.

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32
Q

ホテルには泊まらない予定だ。

A

I plan to not stay in hotels.

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33
Q

リーさんは今年の冬に中国に買える予定です。　　　

A

Mr. Li plans on going back to China this winter.

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34
Q

今度の休みに何か予定がありますか。

A

Do you have some kind of plan for your next day off?

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35
Q

ええ、上野のびじゅつかん（美術館）に行く予定です。スミスさんは？

A

Yes, I plan to go to the art museum in Ueno. How about you, Mr. Smith?

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36
Q

とくに予定はありませんが、どこかへ出かけようと思っています。　　

A

I don’t have any particular plans, but I am thinking of going somewhere.

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37
Q

〜予定 NOTES - “LACK OF A PLAN”:

A

Use 〜予定はありません/ない to indicate the lack of a plan.

かんこうする予定はありません。I don’t plan to go sightseeing.

湖に行く予定はないよ。We don’t plan to go to the lake.

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38
Q

Plain present for + 時 (uncompleted action) DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

本を読む時、めがねをかける。I put on glasses when I read a book.

本を読む時 = 時 clause (読む is the ACTION VERB)

めがねをかける = main clause

THE TENSE in the 時 clause indicates whether the action in this clause (読む) was completed by the time the action in the main clause takes place (かける).

Thus, the PRESENT FORM indicates that the action in the 時 clause is “NOT YET COMPLETED” by the time the action in the MAIN CLAUSE took place, or it can indicate that the ACTION IN THE MAIN CLAUSE happens “EVERY TIME” the 時 clause happens (in this case, the example above).

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39
Q

家を出る時、電話して下さい。

A

Please call me when you leave home.

40
Q

空港に行く時、バスで行く予定です。

A

I plan to take the bus when I go to the airport.

41
Q

お金をはらう時、クレジットカードをつかった。

A

I used a credit card when I made the payment.

42
Q

Plain past form + 時 (completed action) DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

PAST TENSE in the 時 clause indicates that the event in this clause has been COMPLETED BY THE TIME the event in the MAIN CLAUSE takes place.

An action will happen/had happened AFTER/WHEN I do/did this〜

43
Q

そもさかなを食べた時、おなかが痛くなりました。　　

A

I got a stomachache when/after I ate the fish.

44
Q

ホテルにもどった時、電話して下さい。

A

Call me when/after you get back to the hotel.

45
Q

きっぷを予定した時、お金をはらいませんでした。

A

I didn’t pay when I reserved the ticket.

46
Q

これはハワイに行った時、買った。

A

I bought it when I went to Hawaii.

47
Q

NOTE about expressing occasion and time using 時: When did the event take place?

A

Regardless of the tense in the 時 clause, the tense in the MAIN CLAUSE indicates when the entire event took place.

家を出る時、友達に電話します。I will call my friend when/before I leave home.

家を出た時、友達に電話します。I will call my friend when/after I have left home.

家を出る時、友達に電話しました。I called my friend when/before I left home.

家を出た時、友達に電話しました。I called my friend when/after I had left home.

48
Q

Plain past form + 時 NOTES - Adjectives, Verbs, and Nouns Before 時:

A

The form of adjectives, verbs, and nouns before 時 is the same as it is for noun modification. The use of 時 with nouns and adjectives was introduced in Chapter 12 of Nakama 1.

It is NOT NECESSARY TO USE PAST TENSE when pairing 時 with nouns, adjectives, and verbal expressions that express a state such as ある, いる, 〜ている, or 〜ない.

日帰りの時は、たいてい飛行機をつかいます。I tend to go by plane for day trips.

日帰りじゃない時は、でんしゃで行きます。I go by train when it is not just a day trip.

49
Q

ひまな時は、かんこうをしました。

A

I went sightseeing when I had free time.

50
Q

ひまじゃない時は、あまりかんこうは出来ませんでした。　

A

I could not do much sightseeing when I didn’t have any free time.

51
Q

忙しい時は、あまり出かけられませんでした。

A

I couldn’t go out much when I was busy.

52
Q

Using もう DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

The ADVERB もう indicates that A SITUATION that existed some time ago NO LONGER EXISTS. In English, depending on the type of sentence, もう corresponds to:

Affirmative declarative sentences ー＞ “ALREADY” or “NOW”
Affirmative interrogative sentencesー＞”YET” or “ALREADY”
Negative sentences ー＞ “(not) ANYMORE” or “(not) ANY LONGER”

53
Q

山田さんはもう出かけました。

A

Ms. Yamada has already left.

54
Q

もう食べられません。

A

I can no longer eat. (implies that I was able to eat some time ago, but this state no longer exists)

55
Q

じゅんびはもうしました。

A

I’ve already finished the preparations.

56
Q

予定、もうしってる。

A

I already know the plan.

57
Q

乗り物はもうきめかしたか。

A

Have you decided on transportation yet?

58
Q

りかちゃん、もうくうこうに着いた。

A

Has Rika arrived at the airport yet?

59
Q

もう計画はたてたくありません。

A

I don’t want to make any more plans.

60
Q

もう食べられません。

A

I can’t eat anymore.

61
Q

お土産はもう買ったの？

A

Have you bought souvenirs yet?

62
Q

うん、もう買ったよ。

A

Yeah, I already did.

63
Q

じゃあ、にもつはもうかばんに入れた？

A

Well, have you put your things in the bag?

64
Q

あ、忘れてた。

A

Oh, I forgot.

65
Q

Using まだ DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

The ADVERB まだ indicates that A STATE that existed some time ago STILL REMAINS. In English, まだ means “STILL” in affirmative sentences, and “YET” or “STILL” in negative sentences.

When まだ is followed by an action verb + ていません, it expresses “HAVE NOT DONE 〜 YET.” If まだ is used with the simple negative form of an action verb, it means “WON’T DO 〜 FOR A WHILE.”

66
Q

子供はまだ寝ています。

A

The child is still sleeping.

67
Q

山田さんはまだ来ていません。

A

Ms. Yamada has not come here yet.

68
Q

まだ計画をたてています。

A

I am still planning.

69
Q

まだばしょをしらべてない。

A

I have not looked for a place.

70
Q

あいちゃん、まだ、ねこ、さがしてる？

A

Is Ai still looking for her cat?

71
Q

まだつかっていませんか。

A

Are you not using it yet?

72
Q

その計画はまだ見ていません。

A

I haven’t seen the plan yet.

73
Q

その計画はまだ見ません。

A

I won’t see the plan for a while.

74
Q

はやしさんはまだもどっていません。

A

Ms. Hayashi has not come back yet.

75
Q

はやしさんはまだもどりません。

A

Ms. Hayashi won’t come back for a while.

76
Q

c.f. まだしりません。

A

I don’t know yet.

77
Q

Using まだ NOTES - まだです:

A

まだです can be used to mean “NOT YET.”

じゅぎょうはもうはじまりましたか。 Has the class started yet?

いいえ、まだです。No, not yet.

78
Q

涼感はもうきめたの？

A

Have you chosen an inn yet?

79
Q

いいえ、まだきめてないよ。

A

No, I haven’t decided yet.

80
Q

まだしゅくだいを出していませんね。

A

You haven’t turned in your homework yet.

81
Q

すみません。今度のしゅくだいはむずかしい

ので、まだしらべているんです。

A

I am sorry but this homework is difficult, so I’m still doing research.

82
Q

Expressing conditions and sequence using 〜たら DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

The conditional たら is formed with the PLAIN PAST TENSE form of a verb/adjective + ら.

Can be translated to IF or WHEN/AFTER. It implies that one act is completed before the other takes place. It can also express an actual sequence of events without introducing a condition (I’ll do 〜 WHEN/AFTER I do 〜)

The condition expressed in the たら CLAUSE MUST BE COMPLETED (or satisfied) BEFORE the action/event in the MAIN CLAUSE takes place.

If MAIN CLAUSE = PRESENT TENSE, たら = speaker’s INTENTION, request, obligation, etc., but CANNOT EXPRESS PAST EVENT.

If MAIN CLAUSE = PAST TENSE, MAIN CLAUSE = UNEXPECTED + SURPRISING.

83
Q

寒くなかったら、プールに行きましょう。

A

If it is not cold, let’s go to a pool.

84
Q

日本に行ったら、富士山が見たいです。

A

If I go to Japan, I want to see Mt. Fuji.

85
Q

もっと勉強したら、上手になります。

A

If you study harder, you will improve.

86
Q

私が山田さんだったら、先生に話すでしょう。

A

If I were Mr. Yamada, I would talk to the teacher.

87
Q

お金がなかったら、日本へは行きません。

A

If I didn’t have the money, I wouldn’t go to Japan.

88
Q

明日天気がよかったらいいですね。

A

It would be great if the weather were nice tomorrow.

89
Q

家に帰ったら、電話します。

A

I’ll call after I get home.

90
Q

旅館に着いたら、温泉に入ります。

A

I will soak in the hot spring when I get to the inn.

91
Q

ごはんを食べたら、出かけます。

A

I will leave after I eat.

92
Q

しつもんを読んだら、すぐ答えて下さい。

A

Please answer the question as soon as you have finished reading it.

93
Q

じゅんびが出来たら、よぶつもりです。

A

I intend to call for you when the preparations are complete.

94
Q

お金があつまったら、持って行きます。

A

I’ll bring the money over when it has been collected.

95
Q

お酒を飲んだら、気分がわるくなった。

A

I didn’t feel well after I drank the sake.

96
Q

家に帰ったら、ねこがへやにいた。

A

When I got home, there was a cat in my room (and it surprised me).

97
Q

アパートにもどったら、ウィルはいなかった。

A

When I went back to his apartment, Will was not there.

Nakama 2 (34 decks)

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