Chapter 7 Grammar

Question 1

Expressing the performance of two actions simultaneously using 〜ながら DEFINITION + USAGE:

Answer 1

ます-stem + ながら describes an ACTION OCCURING SIMULTANEOUSLY with ANOTHER ACTION. The actions in the ながら clause and in the main clause must be performed by the same person.

コーヒーを飲みながら、話しましょう。Let’s talk over a cup of coffee. (or Let’s talk while drinking a cup of coffee.)

コーヒーを飲みながら = ながら clause = SECONDARY action

話しましょう = MAIN CLAUSE = MAIN action

Question 2

音楽を聞きながら、さらを洗います。

Answer 2

I wash dishes while listening to music.

Question 3

ソースをかけながら、まぜて下さい。

Answer 3

Stir well while pouring the sauce.

Question 4

テレビを見ながら、ご飯を食べてはいけません。　

Answer 4

You shouldn’t watch TV while eating.

Question 5

ワインをくわえながら、肉を焼く。

Answer 5

Fry the meat while adding wine.

Question 6

A: こんな所で何してるの？
B: 田中さん、まってるんだ。
A: あ、そう。それで本、読んでるの？
B: うん。ちょっと早く着いたから、本、読みながら、まってるんだ。

Answer 6

A: What are you doing here?
B: Waiting for Mr. Tanaka.
A: Oh, I see. So, you’re reading a book?
B: Yes, I arrived a bit early, so I’m waiting while reading.

Question 7

Expressing the idea of without doing 〜 using 〜ないで DEFINITION + USAGE:

Answer 7

The negative verb form で下さい, as in 見ないで下さい, was introduced in Chapter 1 in its use of indicating a negative request.

When this negative form is used alone, it means WITHOUT 〜ING.

野菜は洗わないで、ゆでてもいいです。It’s OK to boil the vegetables without washing them.

Question 8

鶏肉に小麦粉をつけないで、あげた。

Answer 8

I deep-fried chicken without dipping it into flour.

Question 9

炊飯器を使わないで、ご飯をたいた。

Answer 9

I cooked rice without using a rice cooker.

Question 10

れんしゅうしないで、上手になる人はいない。

Answer 10

There is no one who can become good at anything without practicing it.

Question 11

A: おはしもナイフもフォークを使わないでご飯をたべるの？
B: うん、南インドでは、手で食べるんだ。　

Answer 11

A: Do you eat your meals without using a knife, a fork, or chopsticks?
B: Yeah, we eat with our hands in southern India.

Question 12

Expressing an OPEN or HYPOTHETICAL condition using the ば conditional form DEFINITION:

Answer 12

The ば conditional clause indicates that a condition necessary for the event or action in the main clause to take place. In this sense, it can be translated to IF or ONLY IF.

It can refer to a FUTURE CONDITION that has not yet happened or to a HYPOTHETICAL that can not be realized.

The negative form of the ば conditional is 〜なければ. All negative forms use 〜なければ, regardless of what part of speech they are.

Question 13

ば conditional form CONJUGATION: る-verbs + IRREGULAR verbs

Answer 13

Replace る with れば

にる (to stew) ー＞にれば (polite affirmative); になければ (polite negative)

する (to do) ー＞すれば (polite affirmative); しなければ (polite negative)

Question 14

ば conditional form CONJUGATION: う-verbs:

Answer 14

Same as potential form (change /u/ sound to /e/ and add る) except that ば is used INSTEAD OF る at the end of the phrase.

むす (to steam) ー＞ むせば (polite affirmative); むさなければ (polite negative)

やる (to do) ー＞ やれば (polite affirmative); やらなければ (polite negative)

Question 15

ば conditional form CONJUGATION: い-adjectives:

Answer 15

Replace い with ければ.

こい (thick) ー＞ これけば (polite affirmative); こくなければ (polite negative)

いい (good) ー＞ よければ (polite affirmative); よくなくれば (polite negative)

Question 16

ば conditional form CONJUGATION: な-adjectives and NOUNS:

Answer 16

Replace だ with なら(ば) or であれば. The ば in 〜なら(ば) is optional.

しずかだ (quiet) ー＞ しずかなら(ば)／しずかであれば (polite affirmative); しずかじゃなければ (polite negative)

材料だ (ingredient) ー＞ 材料なら(ば)／材料であれば (polite affirmative); 材料じゃなければ (polite negative)

Question 17

Expressing an OPEN condition using the ば conditional form DEFINITION + USAGE:

Answer 17

If the ば conditional refers to an event that may or may not be realized in the future, it EXPRESSES THE CONDITION NECESSARY FOR THE EVENT IN THE MAIN CLAUSE TO BECOME TRUE.

この魚はあげれば、おいしくなるよ。This fish will be delicious if you deep-fry it.

Note that 〜ばいい can express SUGGESTIONS or the SPEAKER’S HOPE.

Question 18

じゃがいもと豚肉を一緒ににれば、おいしくなると思う。

Answer 18

I think it will taste even better if you stew the potatoes and pork together.

Question 19

味噌とさとうとサラダ油とすをまぜれば、おいしいドレッシングが作れるよ。

Answer 19

You can make a delicious dressing if you mix miso, sugar, salad oil, and vinegar.

Question 20

古いレタスは、10分水につけて、よく水を切れば、おいしくなるよ。　

Answer 20

Lettuce that is beginning to wilt is tasty if you soak it in water for ten minutes then drain it well.

Question 21

A: ボウルとなべはどう？
B: 分からないけど、アリスさんに聞けば分かると思うよ。

Answer 21

A: Where are the bowls and pots?
B: I don’t know, but you should be able to find out if you ask Alice.

Question 22

A: ちょっと味がこいね。
B: じゃあ、水を足せばいいよ。

Answer 22

A: Oh, it’s seasoned too much (lit. Oh, this has a strong taste).
B: It’ll be fine if you add some water.

Question 23

A: まだ野菜がかたいね。
B: 少しいためれば、やわらかくなるよ。　

Answer 23

A: The vegetables are not cooked enough. (lit.: still hard)
B: They should get tender if you stir fry them a bit.

Question 24

Expressing a HYPOTHETICAL condition using the ば conditional form DEFINITION + USAGE:

Answer 24

The condition in the ば clause may express a COUNTER-FACTUAL situation or a HYPOTHETICAL condition.

かにがあれば、もっとおいしかったはずです。It would have been better if we had some crab.

Question 25

味噌があれば、味噌しるを作ったんですが。

Answer 25

If there were some soybean paste, I would have made some miso soup.

Question 26

その鶏肉、かたくなければ食べられた。

Answer 26

I could have eaten that chicken if it weren’t so tough.

Question 27

Expressing REGRET towards something the speaker WISHED THEY HAD DONE/HAD HAPPENED using the ば conditional form DEFINITION + USAGE:

Answer 27

〜ばよかった is used to express the speaker’s REGRET about something that the speaker WISHED he or she HAD DONE, or something that he or she WISHED HAD HAPPENED.

こしょうをかけすぎなければよかった。I wish I hadn’t put in so much pepper.

電話しておけばよかったんです。I wish I had called in advance.

Question 28

電子レンジがあればよかった。

Answer 28

I wish I had had a microwave oven.

Question 29

マヨネーズを使えばよかった。

Answer 29

I wish I had used mayonnaise.

Question 30

Expressing WISHFUL THINKING towards something that DOES NOT/WILL NOT take place in REALITY using the ば conditional form DEFINITION + USAGE:

Answer 30

The expressions 〜ばいいのに／〜ばいいんだけど／〜ばいいんですが are often used when the speaker WISHES for something that DOES NOT or WILL NOT TAKE PLACE IN REALITY.

あの人まだいるの？ 早く帰ればいいのに。Is that person still here? I wish he’d go home soon.

Question 31

A: ケーキ作れる？
B: もちろん。でも、この家オーブンないんだ。オーブンがあればいいんだけど。

Answer 31

A: Can you bake a cake? (lit.: make)
B: Of course. but we have no oven here. I wish we had one.

Question 32

A: 山田さん、今日は仕事でおそくなるから、来られないって。
B: そう、ざんねんね！来られればいいので。

Answer 32

A: Mr. Yamada says he can’t come today because he has to work late.
B: That’s too bad. I wish he could come.

Question 33

ば conditional form NOTES: COLLOQUIAL FORM:

Answer 33

い-adjectives, NEGATIVE FORM, and る-verbs: Replace 〜れば with 〜りゃ

う-verbs: /-eba/ becomes /-ya/. (The dash indicates a consonant sound, such as /k-eba/ for /k-ya/.)

Question 34

あたためる ば conditional forms: COLLOQUIAL:

Answer 34

あたためれば (polite affirmative) ー＞ あたためりゃ (colloquial affirmative)

あたためなければ (polite negative) ー＞ あたためなきゃ(colloquial negative)

Question 35

むす ば conditional forms: COLLOQUIAL:

Answer 35

むせば (polite affirmative) ー＞むしゃ (colloquial affirmative)

むさなければ (polite negative) ー＞ むさなきゃ (colloquial negative)

Question 36

Expressing possibility and capability using the dictionary form of the verb + ことが出来る DEFINITION + USAGE:

Answer 36

DICTIONARY FORM of the verb + ことが出来る means “can” or “be able to do.”

It is similar to potential form, but it is usually MORE FORMAL and tends to be used to make OBJECTIVE STATEMENTS about whether doing something is possible or not (“IT IS POSSIBLE” vs. “I CAN DO”).

Question 37

さとうやぎゅうにゅうを使わないでおいしいお菓子を作ることが出来る。

Answer 37

It is possible to make delicious sweets without using sugar or milk.

Question 38

フライパンで鶏肉をあげることが出来ます。

Answer 38

It is possible to deep-fry chicken with a frying pan.

Question 39

オーブンで温めることが出来る。

Answer 39

You can reheat it in the oven.

Question 40

A: 電子レンジでケーキを焼くことが出来ますか。
B: もちろん、出来ますよ。

Answer 40

A: Is it possible to bake a cake using a microwave oven?
B: Of course it is.

Question 41

Using question word + でも 〜 affirmative form DEFINITION + USAGE:

Answer 41

Question word + でも = ANY, ALL, or WHATEVER/WHENEVER/WHEREVER

Can ONLY be used in sentences ENDING IN an AFFIRMATIVE FORM.

Previously learned question word pairings:

• Question word + か = indefinite something, someone, etc.
• Question word + も + negative form = not 〜any

Question 42

Chart to summarize phrases made with question words (か, も, でも):

Answer 42

Question words: 何, だれ, いつ, どこ

いつも in an affirmative sentence means ALWAYS

+ か 〜 affirmative:
– 何か (something); だれか (someone); いつか (sometime); どこか (somewhere)

+ も 〜 negative:
– 何も (nothing, not at all); だれも (no one); いつも (never); どこも (nowhere)

+ でも 〜 affirmative:
– 何でも (anything, whatever); だれでも (anybody, whoever); いつでも (anytime); どこでも (anywhere)

Question 43

Particles for question word + も or でも:

Answer 43

The particles が and を are NOT USED with the question word + も or でも.

However, other particles such as に and と can be inserted between the question word and 〜も or でも.

仕事をいつからでも始められます。I can start the job anytime.

Question 44

木村さんは何でも食べられます。

Answer 44

Kimura-san can eat anything.

Question 45

A: だれをしょうたいしようか。
B: だれでもいいよ。

Answer 45

A: Whom shall we invite?
B: Anyone is fine.

Question 46

A: いつがいいですか。
B: 明日ならいつでもいいです。

Answer 46

A: When should we go/do it?
B: Anytime tomorrow will be fine.

Question 47

A: どこに行きましょうか。
B: おいしい店ならどこでもいいです。

Answer 47

A: Where shall we go?
B: Anywhere will be fine as long as it serves good food.

Question 48

昨日はだれにも会いませんでした。

Answer 48

I didn’t meet anybody yesterday.

Question 49

こしょうはどこにもありません。

Answer 49

There is no pepper anywhere.

Question 50

このソースは何とでもあいます。

Answer 50

This sauce works with anything.

Question 51

サラダ油はどこででも買えます。

Answer 51

You can buy vegetable oil anywhere.