Chapter Nine Flashcards
Byzantines
Military victories over new territories brought prestige and wealth the emperors created
stronger more centralized governments
Was the cultural and commercial capital of the Christian world
Constantinople
Byzantine Emperors
To enhance commerce and control it they issued trading permits
Jews, Venetians, Genoans
Byzantine Emperor Constantine V will reconstruct the central army in 755
Tagmata
The Dynatoi
Wealthy land-owners who will dominate
the senior levels of civil, military, and ecclesiastic offices within the empire
Where images of Christian figures were banned from art and architecture
Iconoclasm
The Al-Andalus dynasty
This will create a flourishing and stable kingdom
Will grant religious freedom to its Christian and Jewish inhabitants and allow them to live in accordance to their own laws
The Abbasids will move their capital from Damascus to Baghdad
for its prosperous location near trade routes
Abbasids enter a period of decline
due to their inability to raise sufficient tax revenue
to support the massive army
large civil service
administering the empire
Despite the multitude of ethnic groups within the Muslim world the Arabic Language provided a unifier as
it was the language of the Qur’an, commerce and government throughout Islamic islands
Wealthy Muslims established and endowed schools for higher learning
Madrasa
Al- Khwarizmi 780-850 wrote a book on Algebra
introduced the zero
the modern numbers system
Arabic numerals
“Donation of Pepin”
Papal States until 1870
Christianity in Italy was tied primarily to the European West and not the Byzantine East
Establishment of a partnership between his Frankish Kingdom and the Church
Charlemagne created an empire that was based on the development between 3 elements:
The Roman past
The Germanic way of life
The legacy of Christianity
To achieve this Charlemagne
- He forced Baptism of pagans, like the Saxons rather than voluntary conversion
-Palatine Chapel - Charlemagne had the pope escorted back to Rome
Charlemagne ordered the cathedrals and monasteries to teach reading and writing to
all who were able to learn
Just as Europe was on the verge of emerging from the Dark Ages - will throw them back into it
The Viking Invasions
Feudalism
Causes
-Collapse of the Carolingian Empire
-Attacks and Invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars
Permanently divided the Carolingian Empire
Treaty of Verdun
Instead of buying military services with cash, great land holders gave land
a fief
The individual who receives the land from the great landholders is called
vassals
at the lowest echelon of society were the peasants, also called
serfs
in exchange for living and working on his land, the lord offered his peasants
protection and a judicial system to negotiate peasant disputes
The rise of the castellans is an important turning point in European history because it ensured that
rule would be local rather than centralized
